China: the First Emperor, the Terracotta Army and the Great Wall, sentence 18
China's imperial exams, begun in early form under the Han and Sui and fully developed under the Tang and Song, chose officials by tests of learning, not by birth, until 1905, and they influenced Western civil service exams (tests for government office jobs).
Who acts: imperial exams, exams · What happens: begin, develop, chose, influence, test · To what, where: imperial exams, early form, Tang, officials, Western service exams, learning
This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the First Emperor, the Terracotta Army and the Great Wall» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (imperial exams, exams), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | China | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 exams | nmod:poss |
| 2 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 1 China | case |
| 3 | imperial | imperial | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 exams | amod |
| 4 | exams | exam | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 chose | nsubj |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 begun | punct |
| 6 | begun | begin | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 4 exams | acl |
| 7 | in | in | ADP | _ | 9 form | case |
| 8 | early | early | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 form | amod |
| 9 | form | form | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 begun | obl |
| 10 | under | under | ADP | _ | 12 Han | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 Han | det |
| 12 | Han | Han | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 begun | obl |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 Sui | cc |
| 14 | Sui | Sui | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 Han | conj |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 developed | cc |
| 16 | fully | fully | ADV | _ | 17 developed | advmod |
| 17 | developed | develop | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 6 begun | conj |
| 18 | under | under | ADP | _ | 20 Tang | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 Tang | det |
| 20 | Tang | Tang | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 developed | obl |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 Song | cc |
| 22 | Song | Song | PROPN | Number=Sing | 20 Tang | conj |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 officials | punct |
| 24 | chose | chose | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 25 | officials | official | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 chose | obj |
| 26 | by | by | ADP | _ | 27 tests | case |
| 27 | tests | test | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 chose | obl |
| 28 | of | of | ADP | _ | 29 learning | case |
| 29 | learning | learning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 tests | nmod |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 birth | punct |
| 31 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 33 birth | advmod |
| 32 | by | by | ADP | _ | 33 birth | case |
| 33 | birth | birth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 learning | obl |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 1905 | punct |
| 35 | until | until | ADP | _ | 36 1905 | case |
| 36 | 1905 | 1905 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 24 chose | obl |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 influenced | punct |
| 38 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 influenced | cc |
| 39 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 40 influenced | nsubj |
| 40 | influenced | influence | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 24 chose | conj |
| 41 | Western | western | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 exams | amod |
| 42 | civil | civil | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 service | amod |
| 43 | service | service | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 exams | compound |
| 44 | exams | exam | NOUN | Number=Plur | 40 influenced | obj |
| 45 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 46 tests | punct |
| 46 | tests | test | NOUN | Number=Plur | 44 exams | appos |
| 47 | for | for | ADP | _ | 50 jobs | case |
| 48 | government | government | NOUN | Number=Sing | 49 office | compound |
| 49 | office | office | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 jobs | compound |
| 50 | jobs | job | NOUN | Number=Plur | 46 tests | nmod |
| 51 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 46 tests | punct |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 24 chose | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | begin | participle | China's imperial exams not said here | early form | under the Han and Sui | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | |||
| 2 | develop | participle | the Tang and Song | fully property | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under tang=Location | ||||
| 3 | chose | past | China's imperial exams | officials | until 1905 | by tests of learning | tree rules | ||
| 4 | influence | past | exams = exam | Western service exams | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent exam=Patient | ||||
| 5 | test | learning | nom test «cognition transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:052-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall.lesson:18.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/52-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall/18/