China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages, sentence 12
A 2002 popular book claimed Zheng He's fleets reached America in 1421; historians reject this because there is no evidence in Chinese records, maps or archaeology.
Who acts: 2002 popular book, fleets, historians, evidence · What happens: claim, reach, reject, be · To what, where: America, 1421, this · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (2002 popular book, fleets, historians, evidence), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 4 book | det |
| 2 | 2002 | 2002 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 4 book | compound |
| 3 | popular | popular | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 book | amod |
| 4 | book | book | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 claimed | nsubj |
| 5 | claimed | claim | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | Zheng | Zheng | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 He | compound |
| 7 | He | He | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 fleets | nmod:poss |
| 8 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 7 He | case |
| 9 | fleets | fleet | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 reached | nsubj |
| 10 | reached | reach | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 claimed | ccomp |
| 11 | America | America | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 reached | obj |
| 12 | in | in | ADP | _ | 13 1421 | case |
| 13 | 1421 | 1421 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 10 reached | obl |
| 14 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 16 reject | punct |
| 15 | historians | historian | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 reject | nsubj |
| 16 | reject | reject | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 claimed | parataxis |
| 17 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 16 reject | obj |
| 18 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 20 is | mark |
| 19 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 20 is | expl |
| 20 | is | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 reject | advcl |
| 21 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 22 evidence | det |
| 22 | evidence | evidence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 is | nsubj |
| 23 | in | in | ADP | _ | 25 records | case |
| 24 | Chinese | Chinese | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 records | amod |
| 25 | records | record | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 evidence | nmod |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 maps | punct |
| 27 | maps | map | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 records | conj |
| 28 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 29 archaeology | cc |
| 29 | archaeology | archaeology | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 records | conj |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 claimed | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | claim speech: other | past | a 2002 popular book | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | reach | past | Zheng He's fleets | America | 1421 | vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent america=Theme | |||
| 3 | reject | present | historians | this | vn reject-77.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent this=Theme | ||||
| 4 | be | present | no evidence in Chinese records and maps or archaeology | there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:056-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/56-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages/12/