Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through time, sentence 2
What really happened: for centuries most soldiers were farmers who fought between harvests, modern police are only about 200 years old, prison as the main punishment spread in the 1800s, and Britain's income tax started in 1799 to pay for war.
Who acts: most soldiers, farmers, modern police, prison, income tax, Britain · What happens: happen, be, fight, spread, start, pay · To what, where: farmers, 1800s, 1799
This is a sentence of the lesson «Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through time» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (most soldiers, farmers, modern police, prison), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 3 happened | nsubj |
| 2 | really | really | ADV | _ | 3 happened | advmod |
| 3 | happened | happen | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 6 centuries | punct |
| 5 | for | for | ADP | _ | 6 centuries | case |
| 6 | centuries | century | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 happened | obl |
| 7 | most | most | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 8 soldiers | amod |
| 8 | soldiers | soldier | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 farmers | nsubj |
| 9 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 farmers | cop |
| 10 | farmers | farmer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 happened | parataxis |
| 11 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 12 fought | nsubj |
| 12 | fought | fight | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 farmers | acl:relcl |
| 13 | between | between | ADP | _ | 14 harvests | case |
| 14 | harvests | harvest | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 fought | obl |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 old | punct |
| 16 | modern | modern | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 police | amod |
| 17 | police | police | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 old | nsubj |
| 18 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 old | cop |
| 19 | only | only | ADV | _ | 21 200 | advmod |
| 20 | about | about | ADV | _ | 21 200 | advmod |
| 21 | 200 | 200 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 22 years | nummod |
| 22 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 old | obl:unmarked |
| 23 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 farmers | conj |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 prison | punct |
| 25 | prison | prison | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 spread | nsubj |
| 26 | as | as | ADP | _ | 29 punishment | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 punishment | det |
| 28 | main | main | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 punishment | amod |
| 29 | punishment | punishment | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 prison | nmod |
| 30 | spread | spread | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 old | conj |
| 31 | in | in | ADP | _ | 33 1800s | case |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 1800s | det |
| 33 | 1800s | 1800 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 30 spread | obl |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 started | punct |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 started | cc |
| 36 | Britain | Britain | PROPN | Number=Sing | 39 tax | nmod:poss |
| 37 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 36 Britain | case |
| 38 | income | income | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 tax | compound |
| 39 | tax | tax | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 started | nsubj |
| 40 | started | start | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 old | conj |
| 41 | in | in | ADP | _ | 42 1799 | case |
| 42 | 1799 | 1799 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 40 started | obl |
| 43 | to | to | PART | _ | 44 pay | mark |
| 44 | pay | pay | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 40 started | advcl |
| 45 | for | for | ADP | _ | 46 war | case |
| 46 | war | war | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 pay | obl |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 happened | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | happen | past | century | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | is a | past | most soldiers | farmers | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | fight | past | farmers | between harvests | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | is | present | modern police | year | old property | tree rules | |||
| 5 | spread | past | prison as the main punishment | the 1800s | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in 1800=Location | ||||
| 6 | start | past | Britain's income tax | 1799 | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | ||||
| 7 | pay | to-infinitive | Britain's income tax not said here | for war | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent for war=Theme | ||||
| 8 | tax | Britain | nom tax «possession transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:068-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time.lesson:2.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time/2/