Trade: why people swap, and the great trade routes, sentence 17
West Africa traded gold for salt across the Sahara by camel, and cities like Timbuktu became rich centres of learning.
Who acts: West, cities · What happens: trade, become · To what, where: gold, Sahara, rich centres
This is a sentence of the lesson «Trade: why people swap, and the great trade routes» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (West, cities), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | West | West | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 traded | nsubj |
| 2 | Africa | Africa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 1 West | flat |
| 3 | traded | trade | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | gold | gold | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 traded | obj |
| 5 | for | for | ADP | _ | 6 salt | case |
| 6 | salt | salt | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 traded | obl |
| 7 | across | across | ADP | _ | 9 Sahara | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 Sahara | det |
| 9 | Sahara | Sahara | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 traded | obl |
| 10 | by | by | ADP | _ | 11 camel | case |
| 11 | camel | camel | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 traded | obl |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 became | punct |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 became | cc |
| 14 | cities | city | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 became | nsubj |
| 15 | like | like | ADP | _ | 16 Timbuktu | case |
| 16 | Timbuktu | Timbuktu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 cities | nmod |
| 17 | became | become | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 traded | conj |
| 18 | rich | rich | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 centres | amod |
| 19 | centres | centre | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 became | xcomp |
| 20 | of | of | ADP | _ | 21 learning | case |
| 21 | learning | learn | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 centres | nmod |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 traded | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | trade | past | West | gold | the Sahara | for salt; by camel | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent gold=Theme for salt=Co-Theme | ||
| 2 | become | past | cities like Timbuktu | rich centres of learning | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:070-trade-why-people-swap-and-the-great-trade-routes.lesson:17.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/70-trade-why-people-swap-and-the-great-trade-routes/17/