Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers made them safe, sentence 3

Only in 2007 did more than half of all people live in cities, so the city world is very new, and about 2 billion people still have no safe drinking water at home.

Who acts: half, city world, billion people · What happens: live, be, have · To what, where: 2007, safe drinking water, home

This is a sentence of the lesson «Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers made them safe» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (half, city world, billion people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	11 live	advmod
2	in	in	ADP	_	3 2007	case
3	2007	2007	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	11 live	obl
4	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	11 live	aux
5	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp ExtPos=ADV	7 half	advmod
6	than	than	ADP	_	5 more	fixed
7	half	half	NOUN	Number=Sing NumForm=Word NumType=Frac	11 live	nsubj
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 people	case
9	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	10 people	det
10	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 half	nmod
11	live	live	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
12	in	in	ADP	_	13 cities	case
13	cities	city	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 live	obl
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 new	punct
15	so	so	ADV	_	21 new	advmod
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 world	det
17	city	city	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 world	compound
18	world	world	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 new	nsubj
19	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 new	cop
20	very	very	ADV	_	21 new	advmod
21	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 live	parataxis
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	29 have	punct
23	and	and	CCONJ	_	29 have	cc
24	about	about	ADV	_	26 billion	advmod
25	2	2	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	26 billion	compound
26	billion	billion	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	27 people	nummod
27	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	29 have	nsubj
28	still	still	ADV	_	29 have	advmod
29	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 new	conj
30	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	33 water	det
31	safe	safe	ADJ	Degree=Pos	33 water	amod
32	drinking	drinking	NOUN	Number=Sing	33 water	compound
33	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 have	obj
34	at	at	ADP	_	35 home	case
35	home	home	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 have	obl
36	.	.	PUNCT	_	11 live	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	live	past · do-support	half of all people		2007		in cities	vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in 2007=Location
2	is	present	the city world				new property	tree rules
3	have	present	billion people	no safe drinking water	home	still		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:073-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe.lesson:3.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/73-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe/3/