Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our numbers, sentence 17
India has always been home to many peoples, languages and religions: Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism began there, Islam and Christianity came later from other lands, and the Sikh faith began in India about 500 years ago.
Who acts: India, Hinduism, Islam, Sikh faith · What happens: have, begin, come · To what, where: other lands, India
This is a sentence of the lesson «Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our numbers» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (India, Hinduism, Islam, Sikh faith), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | India | India | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 has | nsubj |
| 2 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 8 peoples | advmod |
| 4 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 2 has | aux |
| 5 | home | home | ADV | _ | 2 has | advmod |
| 6 | to | to | ADP | _ | 8 peoples | case |
| 7 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 peoples | amod |
| 8 | peoples | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 has | obl |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 languages | punct |
| 10 | languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 peoples | conj |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 religions | cc |
| 12 | religions | religion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 peoples | conj |
| 13 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 14 Hinduism | punct |
| 14 | Hinduism | Hinduism | PROPN | Number=Sing | 19 began | nsubj |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 Buddhism | punct |
| 16 | Buddhism | Buddhism | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 Hinduism | conj |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 Jainism | cc |
| 18 | Jainism | Jainism | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 Buddhism | conj |
| 19 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 has | parataxis |
| 20 | there | there | ADV | PronType=Dem | 19 began | advmod |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 came | punct |
| 22 | Islam | Islam | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 came | nsubj |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 Christianity | cc |
| 24 | Christianity | Christianity | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 Islam | conj |
| 25 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 has | parataxis |
| 26 | later | late | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 25 came | advmod |
| 27 | from | from | ADP | _ | 29 lands | case |
| 28 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 lands | amod |
| 29 | lands | land | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 came | obl |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 began | punct |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 began | cc |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 faith | det |
| 33 | Sikh | Sikh | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 faith | amod |
| 34 | faith | faith | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 began | nsubj |
| 35 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 25 came | conj |
| 36 | in | in | ADP | _ | 37 India | case |
| 37 | India | India | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 began | obl |
| 38 | about | about | ADV | _ | 39 500 | advmod |
| 39 | 500 | 500 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 40 years | nummod |
| 40 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 41 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 35 began | advmod |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 has | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | participle | India | to many peoples and languages and religions; home property | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | begin | past | Hinduism and Buddhism and Jainism | there | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | ||||
| 3 | come | past | Islam and Christianity | other lands | late property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from land=Initial_Location | |||
| 4 | begin | past | the Sikh faith | India | ago property | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:008-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers.lesson:17.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/8-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers/17/