Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our numbers, sentence 2
He had messages carved on rocks and tall pillars across India, asking people to be kind, respect all religions and treat animals well, and he sent teachers to spread the Buddha's teaching as far as Sri Lanka.
Who acts: Ashoka, Buddha · What happens: have, carve, ask, be, respect, treat · To what, where: messages, rocks, people, religions, animals, teachers
This is a sentence of the lesson «Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our numbers» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ashoka, Buddha), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 had | nsubj |
| 2 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | messages | message | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 had | obj |
| 4 | carved | carve | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 messages | acl |
| 5 | on | on | ADP | _ | 6 rocks | case |
| 6 | rocks | rock | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 carved | obl |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 pillars | cc |
| 8 | tall | tall | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 pillars | amod |
| 9 | pillars | pillar | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 rocks | conj |
| 10 | across | across | ADP | _ | 11 India | case |
| 11 | India | India | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 rocks | nmod |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 asking | punct |
| 13 | asking | ask | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 4 carved | conj |
| 14 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 asking | iobj |
| 15 | to | to | PART | _ | 17 kind | mark |
| 16 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 17 kind | cop |
| 17 | kind | kind | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 asking | xcomp |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 respect | punct |
| 19 | respect | respect | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 13 asking | conj |
| 20 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 21 religions | det |
| 21 | religions | religion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 respect | obj |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 treat | cc |
| 23 | treat | treat | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 19 respect | conj |
| 24 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 treat | obj |
| 25 | well | well | ADV | Degree=Pos | 23 treat | advmod |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 sent | punct |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 sent | cc |
| 28 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 29 sent | nsubj |
| 29 | sent | send | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 had | conj |
| 30 | teachers | teacher | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 sent | obj |
| 31 | to | to | PART | _ | 32 spread | mark |
| 32 | spread | spread | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 30 teachers | acl |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 Buddha | det |
| 34 | Buddha | Buddha | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 teaching | nmod:poss |
| 35 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 34 Buddha | case |
| 36 | teaching | teaching | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 spread | obj |
| 37 | as | as | ADV | _ | 38 far | advmod |
| 38 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 32 spread | advmod |
| 39 | as | as | ADP | _ | 40 Sri | case |
| 40 | Sri | Sri | PROPN | Number=Sing | 38 far | obl |
| 41 | Lanka | Lanka | PROPN | Number=Sing | 40 Sri | flat |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 had | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | past | Ashoka | messages | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent message=Patient | ||||
| 2 | carve | participle | messages not said here | rocks across India and tall pillars | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on rock=Destination | ||||
| 3 | ask speech: ask | gerund | people | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent people=Recipient | |||||
| 4 | is not said to happen | to-infinitive | kind property | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | respect | infinitive | all religions | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer religion=Stimulus | |||||
| 6 | treat | infinitive | animals | well property | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent animal=Recipient | ||||
| 7 | send | past | Ashoka | teachers | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent teacher=Theme | ||||
| 8 | spread | to-infinitive | Ashoka not said here | the Buddha's teaching | far property | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location teaching=Theme | |||
| 9 | teach | the Buddha | nom teaching «act transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:008-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers.lesson:2.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/8-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers/2/