What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares, sentence 12
Experts estimate there are about 7,000 languages in the world; the number is not exact, because it is hard to say where one language ends and another begins.
Who acts: Experts, 7,000 languages, number, one language, another · What happens: estimate, be about, not be, be, say, end · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Experts, 7,000 languages, number, one language), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Experts | expert | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 estimate | nsubj |
| 2 | estimate | estimate | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 4 are | expl |
| 4 | are | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 estimate | ccomp |
| 5 | about | about | ADV | _ | 6 7,000 | advmod |
| 6 | 7,000 | 7000 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 7 languages | nummod |
| 7 | languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 are | nsubj |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 world | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 world | det |
| 10 | world | world | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 languages | nmod |
| 11 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 16 exact | punct |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 number | det |
| 13 | number | number | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 exact | nsubj |
| 14 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 exact | cop |
| 15 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 16 exact | advmod |
| 16 | exact | exact | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 estimate | parataxis |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 hard | punct |
| 18 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 21 hard | mark |
| 19 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 21 hard | expl |
| 20 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 hard | cop |
| 21 | hard | hard | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 exact | advcl |
| 22 | to | to | PART | _ | 23 say | mark |
| 23 | say | say | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 21 hard | csubj |
| 24 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 27 ends | advmod |
| 25 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 26 language | nummod |
| 26 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 ends | nsubj |
| 27 | ends | end | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 say | ccomp |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 begins | cc |
| 29 | another | another | DET | PronType=Ind | 30 begins | nsubj |
| 30 | begins | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 ends | conj |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 estimate | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | estimate | present | Experts | vn estimate-34.2-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Value | |||||
| 2 | be about | present | 7,000 languages in the world | there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 3 | not is | present | the number | exact property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | is | present | the number not said here | hard property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | say speech: assert | to-infinitive | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||||
| 6 | end | present | one language | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | |||||
| 7 | begin | present | another | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:001-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/12/