What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares, sentence 4
Everybody has several ways of talking (chatty with mates, careful with the head teacher), and every place has its own local words, from "dreich" in Glasgow to "y'all" in Texas; all of it is real language.
Who acts: Everybody, several ways, place, all · What happens: have, talk, be, word · To what, where: several ways, own local words, dreich, real language
This is a sentence of the lesson «What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Everybody, several ways, place, all), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Everybody | everybody | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Tot | 2 has | nsubj |
| 2 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | several | several | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 ways | amod |
| 4 | ways | way | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 has | obj |
| 5 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 6 talking | mark |
| 6 | talking | talk | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 4 ways | acl |
| 7 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 8 chatty | punct |
| 8 | chatty | chatty | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 talking | parataxis |
| 9 | with | with | ADP | _ | 10 mates | case |
| 10 | mates | mate | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 chatty | obl |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 careful | punct |
| 12 | careful | careful | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 chatty | conj |
| 13 | with | with | ADP | _ | 16 teacher | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 teacher | det |
| 15 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 teacher | compound |
| 16 | teacher | teacher | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 careful | obl |
| 17 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 8 chatty | punct |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 has | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 has | cc |
| 20 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 21 place | det |
| 21 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 has | nsubj |
| 22 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 has | conj |
| 23 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 26 words | nmod:poss |
| 24 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 words | amod |
| 25 | local | local | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 words | amod |
| 26 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 has | obj |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 dreich | punct |
| 28 | from | from | ADP | _ | 30 dreich | case |
| 29 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 30 dreich | punct |
| 30 | dreich | dreich | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 words | nmod |
| 31 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 30 dreich | punct |
| 32 | in | in | ADP | _ | 33 Glasgow | case |
| 33 | Glasgow | Glasgow | PROPN | Number=Sing | 30 dreich | nmod |
| 34 | to | to | ADP | _ | 36 y'all | case |
| 35 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 36 y'all | punct |
| 36 | y'all | y'all | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 words | nmod |
| 37 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 36 y'all | punct |
| 38 | in | in | ADP | _ | 39 Texas | case |
| 39 | Texas | Texas | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 y'all | nmod |
| 40 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 2 has | punct |
| 41 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 46 language | nsubj |
| 42 | of | of | ADP | _ | 43 it | case |
| 43 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 41 all | nmod |
| 44 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 46 language | cop |
| 45 | real | real | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 46 language | amod |
| 46 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 has | parataxis |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 has | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | Everybody | several ways | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent way=Patient | ||||
| 2 | talk | gerund | several ways not said here | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | have | present | every place | place's own local words | dreich in Glasgow | to y'all in Texas | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient | ||
| 4 | is a | present | all | real language | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | word | place | dreich in Glasgow | to y'all in Texas | nom word «communication transitive»: poss=agent from=place to=obl |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:001-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules.lesson:4.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/4/