What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares, sentence 3
Every language has grammar, the rules for fitting words together; "The dog ate the bone" makes sense, "Dog the bone the ate" makes people laugh, and the speakers follow these rules without even thinking.
Who acts: language, rules, dog, bone, ate, people · What happens: have, fit, eat, make, dog, laugh · To what, where: grammar, words, bone, sense, rules · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (language, rules, dog, bone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 2 language | det |
| 2 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 has | nsubj |
| 3 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | grammar | grammar | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 has | obj |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 rules | punct |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 rules | det |
| 7 | rules | rule | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 grammar | conj |
| 8 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 9 fitting | mark |
| 9 | fitting | fit | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 7 rules | acl |
| 10 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 fitting | obj |
| 11 | together | together | ADV | _ | 9 fitting | advmod |
| 12 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 16 ate | punct |
| 13 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 16 ate | punct |
| 14 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 dog | det |
| 15 | dog | dog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 ate | nsubj |
| 16 | ate | eat | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 has | conj |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 bone | det |
| 18 | bone | bone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 ate | obj |
| 19 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 makes | punct |
| 20 | makes | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 bone | acl:relcl |
| 21 | sense | sense | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 makes | obj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 Dog | punct |
| 23 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 24 Dog | punct |
| 24 | Dog | dog | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 20 makes | conj |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 bone | det |
| 26 | bone | bone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 Dog | obj |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 ate | det |
| 28 | ate | ate | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 Dog | obj |
| 29 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 30 makes | punct |
| 30 | makes | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 28 ate | acl:relcl |
| 31 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 laugh | nsubj |
| 32 | laugh | laugh | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 30 makes | xcomp |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 follow | punct |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 follow | cc |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 speakers | det |
| 36 | speakers | speaker | NOUN | Number=Plur | 37 follow | nsubj |
| 37 | follow | follow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 ate | conj |
| 38 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 39 rules | det |
| 39 | rules | rule | NOUN | Number=Plur | 37 follow | obj |
| 40 | without | without | SCONJ | _ | 42 thinking | mark |
| 41 | even | even | ADV | _ | 42 thinking | advmod |
| 42 | thinking | think | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 37 follow | advcl |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 has | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | every language | grammar and the rules | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grammar=Patient | ||||
| 2 | fit | gerund | the rules not said here | words | together property | vn adjust-26.9 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient | |||
| 3 | eat in a quote | past | the dog | the bone | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient | ||||
| 4 | make | present | the bone not said here | sense | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sense=Product | ||||
| 5 | dog in a quote | infinitive | the bone not said here | the bone | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | make | present | the ate not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 7 | laugh | infinitive | people | vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 8 | follow | present | the speakers | this rules | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Theme | ||||
| 9 | think speech: other | gerund | the speakers not said here | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:001-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/3/