What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares, sentence 2

Most words have no natural link to what they mean: English says "cat", Ukrainian says "кіт", and neither is the cat's true name; each group of speakers simply agreed long ago.

Who acts: Most words, word, English, Ukrainian, neither, group · What happens: have, mean, say, be, agree · To what, where: natural link, cat, кіт, true name · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Most words, word, English, Ukrainian), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	2 words	amod
2	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 have	nsubj
3	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	6 link	det
5	natural	natural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 link	amod
6	link	link	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 have	obj
7	to	to	ADP	_	8 what	case
8	what	what	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 link	nmod
9	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 mean	nsubj
10	mean	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 what	acl:relcl
11	:	:	PUNCT	_	13 says	punct
12	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	13 says	nsubj
13	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 have	parataxis
14	"	"	PUNCT	_	15 cat	punct
15	cat	cat	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 says	obj
16	"	"	PUNCT	_	15 cat	punct
17	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 says	punct
18	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	Number=Sing	19 says	nsubj
19	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 have	conj
20	"	"	PUNCT	_	21 кіт	punct
21	кіт	кіт	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 says	obj
22	"	"	PUNCT	_	21 кіт	punct
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	31 name	punct
24	and	and	CCONJ	_	31 name	cc
25	neither	neither	PRON	PronType=Neg	31 name	nsubj
26	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	31 name	cop
27	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	28 cat	det
28	cat	cat	NOUN	Number=Sing	31 name	nmod:poss
29	's	's	PART	_	28 cat	case
30	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	31 name	amod
31	name	name	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 have	conj
32	;	;	PUNCT	_	34 group	punct
33	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	34 group	det
34	group	group	NOUN	Number=Sing	38 agreed	nsubj
35	of	of	ADP	_	36 speakers	case
36	speakers	speaker	NOUN	Number=Plur	34 group	nmod
37	simply	simply	ADV	_	38 agreed	advmod
38	agreed	agree	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 have	parataxis
39	long	long	ADV	Degree=Pos	40 ago	advmod
40	ago	ago	ADV	_	38 agreed	advmod
41	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 have	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	have	present	Most words	no natural link		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent link=Patient
2	mean	present	word			vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
3	say speech: assert	present	English	cat		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent cat=Topic
4	say speech: assert	present	Ukrainian	кіт		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent кіт=Topic
5	is a	present	neither	the cat's true name		tree rules
6	agree speech: agree	past	each group of speakers		ago, simply property	vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:001-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules.lesson:2.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/2/