Grammar puzzles, part one, sentence 2
To find who a verb agrees with, find the real subject: in "Each of the boys has a bike", the subject is "each" (one at a time), so it is "has", even though "boys" stands right next to the verb.
Who acts: you, verb, Each, boys · What happens: find, agree with, have, be, stand · To what, where: real subject, bike · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Grammar puzzles, part one» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, verb, Each, boys), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | To | to | PART | _ | 2 find | mark |
| 2 | find | find | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 9 find | advcl |
| 3 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 6 agrees | obl |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 verb | det |
| 5 | verb | verb | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 agrees | nsubj |
| 6 | agrees | agree | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 find | ccomp |
| 7 | with | with | ADP | _ | 6 agrees | compound:prt |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 with | punct |
| 9 | find | find | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 subject | det |
| 11 | real | real | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 subject | amod |
| 12 | subject | subject | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 find | obj |
| 13 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 20 has | punct |
| 14 | in | in | SCONJ | _ | 20 has | mark |
| 15 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 has | punct |
| 16 | Each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 20 has | nsubj |
| 17 | of | of | ADP | _ | 19 boys | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 boys | det |
| 19 | boys | boy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 Each | nmod |
| 20 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 agrees | conj |
| 21 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 22 bike | det |
| 22 | bike | bike | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 has | obj |
| 23 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 has | punct |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 has | punct |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 subject | det |
| 26 | subject | subject | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 each | nsubj |
| 27 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 29 each | cop |
| 28 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 29 each | punct |
| 29 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 20 has | parataxis |
| 30 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 29 each | punct |
| 31 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 32 one | punct |
| 32 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 29 each | appos |
| 33 | at | at | ADP | _ | 35 time | case |
| 34 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 35 time | det |
| 35 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 one | nmod |
| 36 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 32 one | punct |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 42 has | punct |
| 38 | so | so | ADV | _ | 42 has | advmod |
| 39 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 42 has | nsubj |
| 40 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 42 has | cop |
| 41 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 42 has | punct |
| 42 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 29 each | conj |
| 43 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 42 has | punct |
| 44 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 50 stands | punct |
| 45 | even | even | ADV | _ | 50 stands | advmod |
| 46 | though | though | SCONJ | _ | 50 stands | mark |
| 47 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 48 boys | punct |
| 48 | boys | boy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 50 stands | nsubj |
| 49 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 48 boys | punct |
| 50 | stands | stand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 has | advcl |
| 51 | right | right | ADV | _ | 52 next | advmod |
| 52 | next | next | ADV | ExtPos=ADP | 50 stands | advmod |
| 53 | to | to | ADP | _ | 55 verb | case |
| 54 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 55 verb | det |
| 55 | verb | verb | NOUN | Number=Sing | 52 next | obl |
| 56 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 find | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | find | to-infinitive | you not said here | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | |||||
| 2 | agree with speech: agree | present | a verb | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | find | imperative | you not said here | the real subject | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Topic | ||||
| 4 | have in a quote | present | Each | a bike | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bike=Patient | ||||
| 5 | is in a quote | present | verb | have property | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | stand | present | boys | next property | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:011-grammar-puzzles-part-one.lesson:2.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/11-grammar-puzzles-part-one/2/