Silent letters and the mystery of -ough, sentence 2

A few silent letters were never spoken at all: scholars in the 1500s pushed an s into island and a b into debt and doubt to make them look like Latin or French words.

Who acts: scholars · What happens: not speak, push, make, look · To what, where: few silent letters, all, s, island, scholars · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Silent letters and the mystery of -ough» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (scholars), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 letters	det
2	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 letters	amod
3	silent	silent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 letters	amod
4	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 spoken	nsubj:pass
5	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 spoken	aux:pass
6	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	7 spoken	advmod
7	spoken	speak	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
8	at	at	ADP	_	9 all	case
9	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	7 spoken	obl
10	:	:	PUNCT	_	15 pushed	punct
11	scholars	scholar	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 pushed	nsubj
12	in	in	ADP	_	14 1500s	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 1500s	det
14	1500s	1500	NOUN	Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card	11 scholars	nmod
15	pushed	push	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 spoken	parataxis
16	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	17 s	det
17	s	s	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 pushed	obj
18	into	into	ADP	_	19 island	case
19	island	island	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 pushed	obl
20	and	and	CCONJ	_	22 b	cc
21	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	22 b	det
22	b	b	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 island	conj
23	into	into	ADP	_	24 debt	case
24	debt	debt	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 b	nmod
25	and	and	CCONJ	_	26 doubt	cc
26	doubt	doubt	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 debt	conj
27	to	to	PART	_	28 make	mark
28	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	15 pushed	advcl
29	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	28 make	obj
30	look	look	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	28 make	xcomp
31	like	like	ADP	_	32 Latin	case
32	Latin	Latin	PROPN	Number=Sing	30 look	obl
33	or	or	CCONJ	_	35 words	cc
34	French	French	ADJ	Degree=Pos	32 Latin	conj
35	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	32 Latin	conj
36	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 spoken	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	not speak speech: other	past · passive		a few silent letters	all		tree rules
2	push	past	scholars in the 1500s	a s	island and a b into debt and doubt		vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent s=Theme into island=Destination
3	make	to-infinitive	scholars in the 1500s not said here	scholars = scholar			tree rules
4	look	infinitive	scholars = scholar not said here			like Latin or words	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:013-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough.lesson:2.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/13-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough/2/