Silent letters and the mystery of -ough, sentence 3

The letters -ough are the champions of chaos: though, through, tough, cough, bough and thought all say -ough differently, because old sounds changed in different ways in different words.

Who acts: thought, old sounds · What happens: be, say, change · To what, where: ough champions, ough, different ways · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Silent letters and the mystery of -ough» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (thought, old sounds), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 letters	det
2	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	-	-	PUNCT	_	2 letters	punct
4	ough	ough	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 champions	amod
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 champions	cop
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 champions	det
7	champions	champion	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 letters	appos
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 chaos	case
9	chaos	chaos	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 champions	nmod
10	:	:	PUNCT	_	17 cough	punct
11	though	though	ADV	_	17 cough	advmod
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 though	punct
13	through	through	ADP	_	15 tough	case
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 through	punct
15	tough	tough	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 cough	amod
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 cough	punct
17	cough	cough	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 champions	conj
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 bough	punct
19	bough	bough	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 cough	conj
20	and	and	CCONJ	_	21 thought	cc
21	thought	think	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 say	nsubj
22	all	all	ADV	_	23 say	advmod
23	say	say	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 letters	parataxis
24	-	-	PUNCT	_	25 ough	punct
25	ough	ough	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 say	obj
26	differently	differently	ADV	_	23 say	advmod
27	,	,	PUNCT	_	31 changed	punct
28	because	because	SCONJ	_	31 changed	mark
29	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	30 sounds	amod
30	sounds	sound	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 changed	nsubj
31	changed	change	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	23 say	advcl
32	in	in	ADP	_	34 ways	case
33	different	different	ADJ	Degree=Pos	34 ways	amod
34	ways	way	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 changed	obl
35	in	in	ADP	_	37 words	case
36	different	different	ADJ	Degree=Pos	37 words	amod
37	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 changed	obl
38	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 letters	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present		the ough champions and tough cough and bough		of chaos	tree rules
2	say speech: assert	infinitive	thought	ough		all, differently property	vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent ough=Topic
3	change	participle	old sounds		different ways	in different words	vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:013-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough.lesson:3.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/13-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough/3/