Silent letters and the mystery of -ough, sentence 4
Names keep their spelling while speech shortens them: Wednesday (from Woden's day) has a silent d, and Worcestershire is said "WUSS-ter-sher"; for place names, listen to the locals.
Who acts: Names, speech, Wednesday · What happens: keep, shorten, have, say, listen, spell · To what, where: spelling, Names, silent d, Worcestershire · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Silent letters and the mystery of -ough» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Names, speech, Wednesday), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Names | name | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 keep | nsubj |
| 2 | keep | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 4 spelling | nmod:poss |
| 4 | spelling | spelling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 keep | obj |
| 5 | while | while | SCONJ | _ | 7 shortens | mark |
| 6 | speech | speech | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 shortens | nsubj |
| 7 | shortens | shorten | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 keep | advcl |
| 8 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 shortens | obj |
| 9 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 10 Wednesday | punct |
| 10 | Wednesday | Wednesday | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 has | nsubj |
| 11 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 15 day | punct |
| 12 | from | from | ADP | _ | 15 day | case |
| 13 | Woden | Woden | PROPN | Number=Sing | 15 day | nmod:poss |
| 14 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 13 Woden | case |
| 15 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 Wednesday | appos |
| 16 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 15 day | punct |
| 17 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 keep | parataxis |
| 18 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 20 d | det |
| 19 | silent | silent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 d | amod |
| 20 | d | D | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 has | obj |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 said | punct |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 said | cc |
| 23 | Worcestershire | Worcestershire | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 said | nsubj:pass |
| 24 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 25 said | aux:pass |
| 25 | said | say | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 keep | conj |
| 26 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 31 sher | punct |
| 27 | WUSS | wuss | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 sher | compound |
| 28 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 27 WUSS | punct |
| 29 | ter | ter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 sher | compound |
| 30 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 31 sher | punct |
| 31 | sher | sher | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 said | ccomp |
| 32 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 31 sher | punct |
| 33 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 38 listen | punct |
| 34 | for | for | ADP | _ | 36 names | case |
| 35 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 names | compound |
| 36 | names | name | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 listen | obl |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 names | punct |
| 38 | listen | listen | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 2 keep | parataxis |
| 39 | to | to | ADP | _ | 41 locals | case |
| 40 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 41 locals | det |
| 41 | locals | local | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 listen | obl |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 keep | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed voice=narrator
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | keep | present | Names | Names's spelling | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spelling=Theme | ||||
| 2 | shorten | present | speech | Names = name | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent they=Patient | ||||
| 3 | have | present | Wednesday | a silent d | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent d=Patient | ||||
| 4 | say speech: assert | present · passive | Worcestershire | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic | |||||
| 5 | listen | infinitive | for place names; to the locals | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to local=Theme | |||||
| 6 | spell | Names = name | nom spelling «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:013-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough.lesson:4.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/13-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough/4/