Silent letters and the mystery of -ough, sentence 8

Island came from Old English "īegland" with no s; in the 1500s people wrongly linked it to French "isle" and Latin "insula" and added an s that was never spoken.

Who acts: Island, people, s · What happens: come, link, add, not speak · To what, where: Old English īegland, 1500s, s · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Silent letters and the mystery of -ough» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Island, people, s), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Island	Island	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 came	nsubj
2	came	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	from	from	ADP	_	7 īegland	case
4	Old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 īegland	amod
5	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 īegland	compound
6	"	"	PUNCT	_	7 īegland	punct
7	īegland	īegland	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 came	obl
8	"	"	PUNCT	_	7 īegland	punct
9	with	with	ADP	_	11 s	case
10	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	11 s	det
11	s	s	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 īegland	nmod
12	;	;	PUNCT	_	18 linked	punct
13	in	in	ADP	_	16 people	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 1500s	det
15	1500s	1500	NOUN	Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card	18 linked	obl
16	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 linked	nsubj
17	wrongly	wrongly	ADV	_	18 linked	advmod
18	linked	link	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 came	parataxis
19	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	18 linked	obj
20	to	to	ADP	_	23 isle	case
21	French	French	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 isle	amod
22	"	"	PUNCT	_	23 isle	punct
23	isle	isle	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 linked	obl
24	"	"	PUNCT	_	23 isle	punct
25	and	and	CCONJ	_	28 insula	cc
26	Latin	Latin	ADJ	Degree=Pos	28 insula	amod
27	"	"	PUNCT	_	28 insula	punct
28	insula	insula	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 isle	conj
29	"	"	PUNCT	_	28 insula	punct
30	and	and	CCONJ	_	31 added	cc
31	added	add	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	18 linked	conj
32	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	33 s	det
33	s	s	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 added	obj
34	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	37 spoken	nsubj:pass
35	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	37 spoken	aux:pass
36	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	37 spoken	advmod
37	spoken	speak	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	33 s	acl:relcl
38	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 came	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	come	past	Island		Old English īegland with no s		vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from īegland=Initial_Location
2	link	past	people	the 1500s		to French isle and Latin insula; wrongly property	vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient to isle=Co-Patient
3	add speech: assert	past	a s				vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient
4	not speak speech: other	past · passive		a s			tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:013-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough.lesson:8.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/13-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough/8/