Silent letters and the mystery of -ough, sentence 9
Debt came from French "dette"; scholars added a b to show its Latin family (debitum), and doubt got its b the same way; the b was never spoken in English.
Who acts: Debt, scholars, doubt · What happens: come, add, show, get, not speak · To what, where: French dette, b, Latin family, English · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Silent letters and the mystery of -ough» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Debt, scholars, doubt), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Debt | debt | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 came | nsubj |
| 2 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | from | from | ADP | _ | 4 French | case |
| 4 | French | French | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 dette | amod |
| 5 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 dette | punct |
| 6 | dette | dette | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 came | obl |
| 7 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 dette | punct |
| 8 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 10 added | punct |
| 9 | scholars | scholar | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 added | nsubj |
| 10 | added | add | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 came | parataxis |
| 11 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 12 b | det |
| 12 | b | b | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 added | obj |
| 13 | to | to | PART | _ | 14 show | mark |
| 14 | show | show | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 added | advcl |
| 15 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 17 family | nmod:poss |
| 16 | Latin | Latin | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 family | amod |
| 17 | family | family | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 show | obj |
| 18 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 19 debitum | punct |
| 19 | debitum | debitum | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 family | appos |
| 20 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 19 debitum | punct |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 got | punct |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 got | cc |
| 23 | doubt | doubt | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 got | nsubj |
| 24 | got | get | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 added | conj |
| 25 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 26 b | nmod:poss |
| 26 | b | b | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 got | obj |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 way | det |
| 28 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 way | amod |
| 29 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 got | obl |
| 30 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 35 spoken | punct |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 b | det |
| 32 | b | b | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 spoken | nsubj:pass |
| 33 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 35 spoken | aux:pass |
| 34 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 35 spoken | advmod |
| 35 | spoken | speak | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 24 got | conj |
| 36 | in | in | ADP | _ | 37 English | case |
| 37 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 spoken | obl |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 came | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed voice=narrator
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | Debt | French dette | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | add speech: assert | past | scholars | a b | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent b=Patient | ||||
| 3 | show | to-infinitive | scholars not said here | b's Latin family | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent family=Recipient | ||||
| 4 | get | past | doubt | doubt's b | the same way obl | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer b=Stimulus | |||
| 5 | not speak speech: other | past · passive | the b | English | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:013-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough.lesson:9.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×4. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/13-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough/9/