Is there one proper English? The big arguments, sentence 14
"Ask" and "aks" both come from Old English, which had both forms; Chaucer wrote "axe" for ask in the 1300s; standard English chose "ask", and "aks" lives on in some dialects.
Who acts: you, Old English, Chaucer, standard English, aks · What happens: ask, come, have, write, choose, live on · To what, where: Old English, forms, axe, 1300s, ask, dialects
This is a sentence of the lesson «Is there one proper English? The big arguments» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, Old English, Chaucer, standard English), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Ask | punct |
| 2 | Ask | ask | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Ask | punct |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 come | cc |
| 5 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 aks | punct |
| 6 | aks | ak | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 Ask | conj |
| 7 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 aks | punct |
| 8 | both | both | CCONJ | _ | 9 come | cc:preconj |
| 9 | come | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 Ask | conj |
| 10 | from | from | ADP | _ | 12 English | case |
| 11 | Old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 English | amod |
| 12 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 come | obl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 had | punct |
| 14 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 15 had | nsubj |
| 15 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 English | acl:relcl |
| 16 | both | both | DET | PronType=Tot | 17 forms | det |
| 17 | forms | form | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 had | obj |
| 18 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 20 wrote | punct |
| 19 | Chaucer | chaucer | PROPN | Number=Sing | 20 wrote | nsubj |
| 20 | wrote | write | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 come | parataxis |
| 21 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 22 axe | punct |
| 22 | axe | axe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 wrote | obj |
| 23 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 22 axe | punct |
| 24 | for | for | ADP | _ | 25 ask | case |
| 25 | ask | ask | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 wrote | obl |
| 26 | in | in | ADP | _ | 28 1300s | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 1300s | det |
| 28 | 1300s | 1300 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 20 wrote | obl |
| 29 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 32 chose | punct |
| 30 | standard | standard | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 English | amod |
| 31 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 32 chose | nsubj |
| 32 | chose | choose | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 wrote | conj |
| 33 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 34 ask | punct |
| 34 | ask | ask | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 chose | obj |
| 35 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 34 ask | punct |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 lives | punct |
| 37 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 41 lives | cc |
| 38 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 39 aks | punct |
| 39 | aks | ak | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 lives | nsubj |
| 40 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 39 aks | punct |
| 41 | lives | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 chose | conj |
| 42 | on | on | ADP | _ | 41 lives | compound:prt |
| 43 | in | in | ADP | _ | 45 dialects | case |
| 44 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 45 dialects | det |
| 45 | dialects | dialect | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 lives | obl |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 come | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ask speech: ask in a quote | imperative | you not said here | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | come | present | you not said here | Old English | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from english=Initial_Location | ||||
| 3 | have | past | Old English | both forms | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent form=Patient | ||||
| 4 | write | past | Chaucer | axe | the 1300s | for ask | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent axe=Theme in 1300=Destination | ||
| 5 | choose | past | standard English | ask | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ask=Theme | ||||
| 6 | live on | present | aks | some dialects | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in dialect=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:020-is-there-one-proper-english.lesson:14.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/20-is-there-one-proper-english/14/