Where English came from, sentence 0
English was not always in England: about 1,500 years ago Angles, Saxons and Jutes sailed over the North Sea from what is now Denmark, northern Germany and the Netherlands, and their speech became Old English.
Who acts: English, Angles, speech · What happens: not be, sail, be, become, speak · To what, where: England, North Sea, Denmark · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (English, Angles, speech), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 England | nsubj |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 England | cop |
| 3 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 6 England | advmod |
| 4 | always | always | ADV | _ | 6 England | advmod |
| 5 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 England | case |
| 6 | England | England | PROPN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 7 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 6 England | punct |
| 8 | about | about | ADV | _ | 9 1,500 | advmod |
| 9 | 1,500 | 1,500 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 10 years | nummod |
| 10 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 11 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 17 sailed | advmod |
| 12 | Angles | angle | PROPN | Number=Plur | 17 sailed | nsubj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 Saxons | punct |
| 14 | Saxons | Saxon | PROPN | Number=Plur | 12 Angles | conj |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 Jutes | cc |
| 16 | Jutes | jute | PROPN | Number=Plur | 12 Angles | conj |
| 17 | sailed | sail | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 England | parataxis |
| 18 | over | over | ADP | _ | 21 Sea | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 Sea | det |
| 20 | North | North | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 Sea | compound |
| 21 | Sea | Sea | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 sailed | obl |
| 22 | from | from | ADP | _ | 23 what | case |
| 23 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 17 sailed | obl |
| 24 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 Denmark | cop |
| 25 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 26 Denmark | advmod |
| 26 | Denmark | Denmark | PROPN | Number=Sing | 23 what | conj |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 Germany | punct |
| 28 | northern | northern | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 Germany | amod |
| 29 | Germany | Germany | PROPN | Number=Sing | 26 Denmark | conj |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 Netherlands | cc |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 Netherlands | det |
| 32 | Netherlands | Netherlands | PROPN | Number=Sing | 26 Denmark | conj |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 became | punct |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 became | cc |
| 35 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 36 speech | nmod:poss |
| 36 | speech | speech | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 became | nsubj |
| 37 | became | become | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 17 sailed | conj |
| 38 | Old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 English | amod |
| 39 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 37 became | xcomp |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 England | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not is | past | English | England | always property | tree rules | |||
| 2 | sail | past | Angles and Saxons and Jutes | the North Sea | from England; ago property | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent over sea=Trajectory | |||
| 3 | is a | present | Angles and Saxons and Jutes not said here | Denmark and northern Germany and the Netherlands | now | tree rules | |||
| 4 | become | past | Angles's speech | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 5 | speak | Angles = angle | nom speech «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:022-where-english-came-from.lesson:0.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×3, R5-strong ×3, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/0/