Where English came from, sentence 14
Between about 1400 and 1700 English vowel sounds changed a lot (the Great Vowel Shift): "bite" was once said a bit like "beet" and "house" a bit like "hoose".
Who acts: English vowel sounds · What happens: change, say · To what, where: lot, bite · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (English vowel sounds), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Between | between | ADP | _ | 3 1400 | case |
| 2 | about | about | ADV | _ | 3 1400 | advmod |
| 3 | 1400 | 1400 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 9 changed | obl |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 5 1700 | cc |
| 5 | 1700 | 1700 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 3 1400 | conj |
| 6 | English | English | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 sounds | amod |
| 7 | vowel | vowel | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 sounds | compound |
| 8 | sounds | sound | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 changed | nsubj |
| 9 | changed | change | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 lot | det |
| 11 | lot | lot | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 changed | obl |
| 12 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 16 Shift | punct |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 Shift | det |
| 14 | Great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 Shift | amod |
| 15 | Vowel | vowel | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 Shift | compound |
| 16 | Shift | shift | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 lot | appos |
| 17 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 16 Shift | punct |
| 18 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 24 said | punct |
| 19 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 bite | punct |
| 20 | bite | bite | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 said | nsubj:pass |
| 21 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 bite | punct |
| 22 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 24 said | aux:pass |
| 23 | once | once | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 24 said | advmod |
| 24 | said | say | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 changed | parataxis |
| 25 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 26 bit | det |
| 26 | bit | bit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 said | obl:unmarked |
| 27 | like | like | ADP | _ | 29 beet | case |
| 28 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 29 beet | punct |
| 29 | beet | beet | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 said | obl |
| 30 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 29 beet | punct |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 house | cc |
| 32 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 house | punct |
| 33 | house | house | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 beet | conj |
| 34 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 house | punct |
| 35 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 36 bit | det |
| 36 | bit | bit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 hoose | nmod |
| 37 | like | like | ADP | _ | 39 hoose | case |
| 38 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 39 hoose | punct |
| 39 | hoose | hoose | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 said | ccomp |
| 40 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 39 hoose | punct |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 changed | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | change | past | English vowel sounds | a lot | between 1400 | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||
| 2 | say speech: assert | past · passive | bite | like beet and house; a bit obl:unmarked; once property | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:022-where-english-came-from.lesson:14.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×4, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/14/