Idioms taken literally, sentence 5

"Raining cats and dogs" means raining very hard; nobody knows for sure where it came from, and the stories about animals falling from roofs are not proven.

Who acts: Raining, nobody, idiom, animals · What happens: rain, mean, know, come, fall, not prove · To what, where: cats, roofs, stories · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Idioms taken literally» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Raining, nobody, idiom, animals), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	"	"	PUNCT	_	2 Raining	punct
2	Raining	rain	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	7 means	csubj
3	cats	cat	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 Raining	obj
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 dogs	cc
5	dogs	dog	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 cats	conj
6	"	"	PUNCT	_	2 Raining	punct
7	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	raining	rain	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 means	xcomp
9	very	very	ADV	_	10 hard	advmod
10	hard	hard	ADV	Degree=Pos	8 raining	advmod
11	;	;	PUNCT	_	13 knows	punct
12	nobody	nobody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	13 knows	nsubj
13	knows	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 means	parataxis
14	for	for	ADP	_	15 sure	case
15	sure	sure	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 knows	obl
16	where	where	ADV	PronType=Rel	18 came	advmod
17	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	18 came	nsubj
18	came	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	13 knows	ccomp
19	from	from	ADP	_	18 came	obl
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	31 proven	punct
21	and	and	CCONJ	_	31 proven	cc
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 stories	det
23	stories	story	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 proven	nsubj:pass
24	about	about	ADP	_	25 animals	case
25	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 stories	nmod
26	falling	fall	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	25 animals	acl
27	from	from	ADP	_	28 roofs	case
28	roofs	roof	NOUN	Number=Plur	26 falling	obl
29	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	31 proven	aux:pass
30	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	31 proven	advmod
31	proven	prove	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 means	conj
32	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 means	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	rain in a quote	gerund		cats and dogs			tree rules
2	mean	present	Raining				vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	rain not said to happen	gerund	Raining not said here			hard property	vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme»
4	know	present	nobody			for sure	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus
5	come	past	idiom				vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
6	fall	gerund	animals not said here		roofs		vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from roof=Initial_Location
7	not prove	present · passive		the stories about animals			vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:025-idioms-taken-literally.lesson:5.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×4. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/25-idioms-taken-literally/5/