How babies learn to talk, sentence 11

Children growing up with two languages often mix them in one sentence ("Я хочу biscuit!"); this is called code-switching or code-mixing and is normal, not confusion.

Who acts: Children, two languages, Я · What happens: grow up, mix, biscuit, call, be · To what, where: Children, one sentence, this · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Children, two languages, Я), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 growing	nsubj
2	growing	grow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	root	root
3	up	up	ADP	_	2 growing	compound:prt
4	with	with	ADP	_	6 languages	case
5	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	6 languages	nummod
6	languages	language	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 growing	obl
7	often	often	ADV	_	8 mix	advmod
8	mix	mix	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 languages	acl
9	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 mix	obj
10	in	in	ADP	_	12 sentence	case
11	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	12 sentence	nummod
12	sentence	sentence	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 mix	obl
13	(	(	PUNCT	_	17 biscuit	punct
14	"	"	PUNCT	_	17 biscuit	punct
15	Я	я	X	Foreign=Yes	17 biscuit	nsubj
16	хочу	хочу	X	Foreign=Yes	17 biscuit	amod
17	biscuit	biscuit	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 languages	conj
18	!	!	PUNCT	_	17 biscuit	punct
19	"	"	PUNCT	_	17 biscuit	punct
20	)	)	PUNCT	_	17 biscuit	punct
21	;	;	PUNCT	_	24 called	punct
22	this	this	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	24 called	nsubj:pass
23	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	24 called	aux:pass
24	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 growing	parataxis
25	code	code	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 switching	compound
26	-	-	PUNCT	_	25 code	punct
27	switching	switching	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 called	xcomp
28	or	or	CCONJ	_	31 mixing	cc
29	code	code	NOUN	Number=Sing	31 mixing	compound
30	-	-	PUNCT	_	29 code	punct
31	mixing	mixing	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 switching	conj
32	and	and	CCONJ	_	34 normal	cc
33	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	34 normal	cop
34	normal	normal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	24 called	conj
35	,	,	PUNCT	_	37 confusion	punct
36	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	37 confusion	advmod
37	confusion	confusion	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 normal	obl
38	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 growing	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	grow up	gerund	Children			with two languages and хочу biscuit	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	mix	infinitive	two languages and хочу biscuit not said here	Children = child	one sentence	often property	vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient
3	biscuit in a quote		Я				tree rules
4	call speech: express	present · passive		this			vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
5	is	present				confusion obl; normal property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson:11.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/11/