How babies learn to talk, sentence 3

Children's mistakes are clues to how clever they are; calling every four-legged animal "dog" or mixing two languages in one sentence are normal steps, and they sort themselves out.

Who acts: mistakes, calling, Children · What happens: be, mix, sort out, mistake · To what, where: clues, two languages, one sentence, normal steps, mistakes

This is a sentence of the lesson «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (mistakes, calling, Children), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 mistakes	nmod:poss
2	's	's	PART	_	1 Children	case
3	mistakes	mistake	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 clues	nsubj
4	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 clues	cop
5	clues	clue	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	to	to	ADP	_	8 clever	case
7	how	how	ADV	PronType=Int	8 clever	advmod
8	clever	clever	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 clues	nmod
9	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 calling	nsubj
10	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 calling	cop
11	;	;	PUNCT	_	30 steps	punct
12	calling	call	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	30 steps	csubj
13	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	17 animal	det
14	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	16 legged	nummod
15	-	-	PUNCT	_	14 four	punct
16	legged	four-legged	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 animal	amod
17	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 dog	compound
18	"	"	PUNCT	_	19 dog	punct
19	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 calling	obj
20	"	"	PUNCT	_	19 dog	punct
21	or	or	CCONJ	_	22 mixing	cc
22	mixing	mix	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	12 calling	conj
23	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	24 languages	nummod
24	languages	language	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 mixing	obj
25	in	in	ADP	_	27 sentence	case
26	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	27 sentence	nummod
27	sentence	sentence	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 mixing	obl
28	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	30 steps	cop
29	normal	normal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	30 steps	amod
30	steps	step	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 clues	parataxis
31	,	,	PUNCT	_	34 sort	punct
32	and	and	CCONJ	_	34 sort	cc
33	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	34 sort	nsubj
34	sort	sort	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	30 steps	conj
35	themselves	themselves	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	34 sort	obj
36	out	out	ADP	_	34 sort	compound:prt
37	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 clues	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Children's mistakes	clues		to clever	tree rules
2	is	present	mistakes = mistake			call property	tree rules
3	mix	gerund	mistakes = mistake not said here	two languages	one sentence		vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Patient
4	is a	present	calling	normal steps			tree rules
5	sort out	present	mistakes = mistake	mistakes = mistake			vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent themselves=Theme
6	mistake		Children				nom mistake «act intransitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson:3.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/3/