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How babies learn to talk, sentence 2

Toddlers don't just copy: when Kai says "I runned and I falled", he is using the rule "add -ed for the past", only on verbs that break the rule, which shows he has worked the rule out by himself.

Who acts: Toddlers, Kai, verbs, rule · What happens: not copy, say, run, fall, use, add · To what, where: rule, verbs, ed · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Toddlers, Kai, verbs, rule), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

nsubjauxadvmodadvmodpunctadvmodnsubjadvclpunctnsubjccompccnsubjconjpunctpunctnsubjauxparataxisdetobjpunctadvclpunctobjcasedetnmodpunctpunctadvmodcaseoblnsubjacl:relcldetobjpunctnsubjacl:relclnsubjauxccompdetobjcompound:prtcaseoblpunctrootToddlersNOUNdoAUXn'tPARTjustADVcopyVERB:PUNCTwhenADVKaiPROPNsaysVERB"PUNCTIPRONrunnedVERBandCCONJIPRONfalledVERB"PUNCT,PUNCThePRONisAUXusingVERBtheDETruleNOUN"PUNCTaddVERB-PUNCTedNOUNforADPtheDETpastNOUN"PUNCT,PUNCTonlyADVonADPverbsNOUNthatPRONbreakVERBtheDETruleNOUN,PUNCTwhichPRONshowsVERBhePRONhasAUXworkedVERBtheDETruleNOUNoutADPbyADPhimselfPRON.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1ToddlerstoddlerNOUNNumber=Plur5 copynsubj
2dodoAUXMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin5 copyaux
3n'tnotPARTPolarity=Neg5 copyadvmod
4justjustADV_5 copyadvmod
5copycopyVERBVerbForm=Infrootroot
6::PUNCT_9 sayspunct
7whenwhenADVPronType=Int9 saysadvmod
8KaiKaiPROPNNumber=Sing9 saysnsubj
9sayssayVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin20 usingadvcl
10""PUNCT_12 runnedpunct
11IIPRONCase=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs12 runnednsubj
12runnedrunVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin9 saysccomp
13andandCCONJ_15 falledcc
14IIPRONCase=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs15 fallednsubj
15falledfallVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin12 runnedconj
16""PUNCT_12 runnedpunct
17,,PUNCT_20 usingpunct
18hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs20 usingnsubj
19isbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin20 usingaux
20usinguseVERBTense=Pres VerbForm=Part5 copyparataxis
21thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art22 ruledet
22ruleruleNOUNNumber=Sing20 usingobj
23""PUNCT_24 addpunct
24addaddVERBVerbForm=Inf20 usingadvcl
25--PUNCT_26 edpunct
26ededNOUNNumber=Sing24 addobj
27forforADP_29 pastcase
28thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art29 pastdet
29pastpastNOUNNumber=Sing26 ednmod
30""PUNCT_24 addpunct
31,,PUNCT_34 verbspunct
32onlyonlyADV_34 verbsadvmod
33ononADP_34 verbscase
34verbsverbNOUNNumber=Plur20 usingobl
35thatthatPRONPronType=Rel36 breaknsubj
36breakbreakVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin34 verbsacl:relcl
37thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art38 ruledet
38ruleruleNOUNNumber=Sing36 breakobj
39,,PUNCT_41 showspunct
40whichwhichPRONPronType=Rel41 showsnsubj
41showsshowVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin38 ruleacl:relcl
42hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs44 workednsubj
43hashaveAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin44 workedaux
44workedworkVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part41 showsccomp
45thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art46 ruledet
46ruleruleNOUNNumber=Sing44 workedobj
47outoutADP_44 workedcompound:prt
48bybyADP_49 himselfcase
49himselfhimselfPRONCase=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes44 workedobl
50..PUNCT_5 copypunct

Pragmatics

form
statement
act
assert
voice
narrator
polarity
none
teacher
changed voice=narrator
#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1not copypresent · do-supportToddlersvn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2say speech: assertpresentKaivn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3run in a quotepastKaivn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4fall in a quotepastKaivn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
5usepresent · progressiveKaithe ruleverbsvn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Patient
6add speech: assert in a quoteinfinitiveKai not said hereedfor the pastvn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ed=Patient
7breakpresentverbsthe rulevn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rule=Patient
8showpresentthe rulevn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
9work outpresent · perfectKaithe ruleby Kaivn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Topic

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson:2.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/2/