How babies learn to talk, sentence 7
"Ma" and "pa" are among the easiest sounds for babies, so many languages use them for parents (English "mama", Ukrainian "мама", Mandarin "māma", French "maman"); this does not prove all languages are one family.
Who acts: Ma, many languages, this, languages · What happens: be, use, not prove · To what, where: Ma, one family
This is a sentence of the lesson «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ma, many languages, this, languages), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Ma | punct |
| 2 | Ma | ma | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 sounds | nsubj |
| 3 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Ma | punct |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 6 pa | cc |
| 5 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 pa | punct |
| 6 | pa | pa | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 Ma | conj |
| 7 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 pa | punct |
| 8 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 sounds | cop |
| 9 | among | among | ADP | _ | 12 sounds | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 sounds | det |
| 11 | easiest | easy | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 12 sounds | amod |
| 12 | sounds | sound | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 13 | for | for | ADP | _ | 14 babies | case |
| 14 | babies | baby | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 sounds | nmod |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 use | punct |
| 16 | so | so | ADV | _ | 17 many | advmod |
| 17 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 languages | amod |
| 18 | languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 use | nsubj |
| 19 | use | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 sounds | parataxis |
| 20 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 use | obj |
| 21 | for | for | ADP | _ | 22 parents | case |
| 22 | parents | parent | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 use | obl |
| 23 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 24 English | punct |
| 24 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 parents | appos |
| 25 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 26 mama | punct |
| 26 | mama | mama | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 English | appos |
| 27 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 26 mama | punct |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 Ukrainian | punct |
| 29 | Ukrainian | ukrainian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 мама | amod |
| 30 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 31 мама | punct |
| 31 | мама | мама | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 English | appos |
| 32 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 31 мама | punct |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 Mandarin | punct |
| 34 | Mandarin | Mandarin | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 English | conj |
| 35 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 36 māma | punct |
| 36 | māma | māma | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 Mandarin | appos |
| 37 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 36 māma | punct |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 maman | punct |
| 39 | French | French | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 41 maman | amod |
| 40 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 41 maman | punct |
| 41 | maman | maman | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 English | appos |
| 42 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 41 maman | punct |
| 43 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 24 English | punct |
| 44 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 48 prove | punct |
| 45 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 48 prove | nsubj |
| 46 | does | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 48 prove | aux |
| 47 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 48 prove | advmod |
| 48 | prove | prove | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 12 sounds | parataxis |
| 49 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 50 languages | det |
| 50 | languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 53 family | nsubj |
| 51 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 53 family | cop |
| 52 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 53 family | nummod |
| 53 | family | family | NOUN | Number=Sing | 48 prove | ccomp |
| 54 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 12 sounds | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | Ma and pa | among the easiest sounds; for babies | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | use | present | many languages | Ma | for parents | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent they=Theme for parent=Eventuality | |||
| 3 | not prove | present · do-support | this | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | is a | present | all languages | one family | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson:7.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/7/