Ukrainian compared with English, sentence 1

English shows who does what mostly by word order; Ukrainian shows it mostly with word endings, so Danylo can say "Собака бачить кота" or "Кота бачить собака" and both mean "the dog sees the cat".

Who acts: English, Ukrainian, Danylo, Собака, Кота, both · What happens: show, do, say, бачить, mean, see · To what, where: order, кота, собака, cat · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Ukrainian compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (English, Ukrainian, Danylo, Собака), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 shows	nsubj
2	shows	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	4 does	nsubj
4	does	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 shows	ccomp
5	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	4 does	obj
6	mostly	mostly	ADV	_	9 order	advmod
7	by	by	ADP	_	9 order	case
8	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 order	compound
9	order	order	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 does	obl
10	;	;	PUNCT	_	12 shows	punct
11	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 shows	nsubj
12	shows	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 shows	parataxis
13	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 shows	obj
14	mostly	mostly	ADV	_	17 endings	advmod
15	with	with	ADP	_	17 endings	case
16	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 endings	compound
17	endings	ending	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 shows	obl
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 say	punct
19	so	so	ADV	_	22 say	advmod
20	Danylo	Danylo	PROPN	Number=Sing	22 say	nsubj
21	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	22 say	aux
22	say	say	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	12 shows	advcl
23	"	"	PUNCT	_	25 бачить	punct
24	Собака	Собака	PROPN	Number=Sing	25 бачить	nsubj
25	бачить	бачить	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	22 say	parataxis
26	кота	кота	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 бачить	obj
27	"	"	PUNCT	_	26 кота	punct
28	or	or	CCONJ	_	31 бачить	cc
29	"	"	PUNCT	_	31 бачить	punct
30	Кота	Кота	PROPN	Number=Sing	31 бачить	nsubj
31	бачить	бачить	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	25 бачить	conj
32	собака	собака	NOUN	Number=Sing	31 бачить	obj
33	"	"	PUNCT	_	32 собака	punct
34	and	and	CCONJ	_	36 mean	cc
35	both	both	PRON	PronType=Tot	36 mean	nsubj
36	mean	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	22 say	conj
37	"	"	PUNCT	_	40 sees	punct
38	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	39 dog	det
39	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	40 sees	nsubj
40	sees	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	36 mean	ccomp
41	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	42 cat	det
42	cat	cat	NOUN	Number=Sing	40 sees	obj
43	"	"	PUNCT	_	40 sees	punct
44	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 shows	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	show	present	English			vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	do	present			by word order	vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality
3	show	present	Ukrainian	order	with word endings	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent it=Recipient
4	say speech: assert	can	Danylo			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
5	бачить in a quote	past	Собака	кота		tree rules
6	бачить in a quote	past	Кота	собака		tree rules
7	mean	present	both			vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
8	see in a quote	present	the dog	the cat		vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer cat=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:033-ukrainian-compared-with-english.lesson:1.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/1/