Mandarin compared with English, sentence 2

Mandarin verbs never change for past or present, nouns usually don't change for plural, and questions often just add a little "ma" at the end; the work is done by small extra words and by the situation.

Who acts: Mandarin verbs, nouns, questions, small extra words · What happens: not change, add, do · To what, where: little ma, end, work

This is a sentence of the lesson «Mandarin compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mandarin verbs, nouns, questions, small extra words), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Mandarin	mandarin	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 verbs	amod
2	verbs	verb	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 change	nsubj
3	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	4 change	advmod
4	change	change	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	for	for	ADP	_	6 past	case
6	past	past	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 change	obl
7	or	or	CCONJ	_	8 present	cc
8	present	present	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 past	conj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 change	punct
10	nouns	noun	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 change	nsubj
11	usually	usually	ADV	_	14 change	advmod
12	do	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 change	aux
13	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	14 change	advmod
14	change	change	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 change	conj
15	for	for	ADP	_	16 plural	case
16	plural	plural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 change	obl
17	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 add	punct
18	and	and	CCONJ	_	22 add	cc
19	questions	question	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 add	nsubj
20	often	often	ADV	_	22 add	advmod
21	just	just	ADV	_	22 add	advmod
22	add	add	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 change	conj
23	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	26 ma	det
24	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	26 ma	amod
25	"	"	PUNCT	_	26 ma	punct
26	ma	ma	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 add	obj
27	"	"	PUNCT	_	26 ma	punct
28	at	at	ADP	_	30 end	case
29	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	30 end	det
30	end	end	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 add	obl
31	;	;	PUNCT	_	35 done	punct
32	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	33 work	det
33	work	work	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 done	nsubj
34	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	35 done	aux:pass
35	done	do	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 change	parataxis
36	by	by	ADP	_	39 words	case
37	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	39 words	amod
38	extra	extra	ADJ	Degree=Pos	39 words	amod
39	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	35 done	obl
40	and	and	CCONJ	_	43 situation	cc
41	by	by	ADP	_	43 situation	case
42	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	43 situation	det
43	situation	situation	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 done	conj
44	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 change	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	not change	present	Mandarin verbs			for past	vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	not change	present · do-support	nouns			for plural; usually property	vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	add speech: assert	present	questions	a little ma	at the end	often property	vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ma=Patient
4	do	present · passive	small extra words	the work			vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Eventuality

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:034-mandarin-compared-with-english.lesson:2.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/34-mandarin-compared-with-english/2/