Mandarin compared with English, sentence 3

It is written with thousands of characters instead of an alphabet, so learners use pinyin, Chinese sounds written in Latin letters with tone marks, to help them along.

Who acts: learners · What happens: write, use, help · To what, where: work, pinyin, Chinese sounds, Latin letters, learners

This is a sentence of the lesson «Mandarin compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (learners), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 written	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 written	aux:pass
3	written	write	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	with	with	ADP	_	5 thousands	case
5	thousands	thousand	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 written	obl
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 characters	case
7	characters	character	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 thousands	nmod
8	instead	instead	ADV	ExtPos=ADP	11 alphabet	case
9	of	of	ADP	_	8 instead	fixed
10	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 alphabet	det
11	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 written	obl
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 use	punct
13	so	so	ADV	_	15 use	advmod
14	learners	learner	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 use	nsubj
15	use	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 written	conj
16	pinyin	pinyin	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 use	obj
17	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 sounds	punct
18	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 sounds	amod
19	sounds	sound	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 pinyin	appos
20	written	write	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	19 sounds	acl
21	in	in	ADP	_	23 letters	case
22	Latin	Latin	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 letters	amod
23	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 written	obl
24	with	with	ADP	_	26 marks	case
25	tone	tone	NOUN	Number=Sing	26 marks	compound
26	marks	mark	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 written	obl
27	,	,	PUNCT	_	29 help	punct
28	to	to	PART	_	29 help	mark
29	help	help	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	15 use	advcl
30	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	29 help	obj
31	along	along	ADV	_	29 help	advmod
32	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 written	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	write	present · passive		work		with thousands of characters; instead a alphabet	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	use	present	learners	pinyin			vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pinyin=Patient
3	write	participle		Chinese sounds not said here	Latin letters	with tone marks	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in letter=Destination
4	help	to-infinitive	learners not said here	learners = learner		along property	vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Beneficiary

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:034-mandarin-compared-with-english.lesson:3.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/34-mandarin-compared-with-english/3/