French compared with English, sentence 0
French is English's closest neighbour in words: after 1066 French-speaking rulers poured thousands of words into English, so when you learn French you already know a lot of it.
Who acts: French, speaking rulers, you · What happens: be, speak, pour, learn, know · To what, where: closest neighbour, words, thousands, English, French, lot · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «French compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (French, speaking rulers, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | French | French | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 neighbour | nsubj |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 neighbour | cop |
| 3 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 neighbour | nmod:poss |
| 4 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 3 English | case |
| 5 | closest | close | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 6 neighbour | amod |
| 6 | neighbour | neighbour | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 7 | in | in | ADP | _ | 8 words | case |
| 8 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 neighbour | nmod |
| 9 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 11 1066 | punct |
| 10 | after | after | ADP | _ | 11 1066 | case |
| 11 | 1066 | 1066 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 16 poured | obl |
| 12 | French | French | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 speaking | compound |
| 13 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 14 speaking | punct |
| 14 | speaking | speak | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 15 rulers | amod |
| 15 | rulers | ruler | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 poured | nsubj |
| 16 | poured | pour | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 neighbour | parataxis |
| 17 | thousands | thousand | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 poured | obj |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 19 words | case |
| 19 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 thousands | nmod |
| 20 | into | into | ADP | _ | 21 English | case |
| 21 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 poured | obl |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 learn | punct |
| 23 | so | so | ADV | _ | 26 learn | advmod |
| 24 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 26 learn | advmod |
| 25 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 26 learn | nsubj |
| 26 | learn | learn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 30 know | advcl |
| 27 | French | French | PROPN | Number=Sing | 26 learn | obj |
| 28 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 30 know | nsubj |
| 29 | already | already | ADV | _ | 30 know | advmod |
| 30 | know | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 poured | parataxis |
| 31 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 32 lot | det |
| 32 | lot | lot | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 know | obj |
| 33 | of | of | ADP | _ | 34 it | case |
| 34 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 lot | nmod |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 neighbour | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | French | English's closest neighbour | words | tree rules | |||
| 2 | speak speech: other | gerund | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 3 | pour | past | speaking rulers | thousands of words | English | after 1066 | vn pour-9.5 «NP V NP PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent thousand=Theme into english=Destination | ||
| 4 | learn | present | you | French | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent french=Topic | ||||
| 5 | know | present | you | a lot of lot | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer lot=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:035-french-compared-with-english.lesson:0.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/35-french-compared-with-english/0/