Grammar puzzles, part two, sentence 15
Some words mean their own opposite: "dust" can mean take dust off (dust the shelf) or put powder on (dust the cake with sugar), and "left" can mean gone (he left) or still here (one biscuit left).
Who acts: words, dust, left, one biscuit · What happens: mean, take off, dust, put on, leave, left · To what, where: own opposite, dust, shelf, powder, cake · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Grammar puzzles, part two» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (words, dust, left, one biscuit), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 2 words | det |
| 2 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 mean | nsubj |
| 3 | mean | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 6 opposite | nmod:poss |
| 5 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 opposite | amod |
| 6 | opposite | opposite | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 mean | obj |
| 7 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 12 mean | punct |
| 8 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 9 dust | punct |
| 9 | dust | dust | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 mean | nsubj |
| 10 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 9 dust | punct |
| 11 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 12 mean | aux |
| 12 | mean | mean | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 mean | conj |
| 13 | take | take | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 12 mean | ccomp |
| 14 | dust | dust | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 take | obj |
| 15 | off | off | ADP | _ | 13 take | compound:prt |
| 16 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 17 dust | punct |
| 17 | dust | dust | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 13 take | parataxis |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 shelf | det |
| 19 | shelf | shelf | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 dust | obj |
| 20 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 17 dust | punct |
| 21 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 22 put | cc |
| 22 | put | put | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 13 take | conj |
| 23 | powder | powder | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 put | obj |
| 24 | on | on | ADP | _ | 22 put | compound:prt |
| 25 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 26 dust | punct |
| 26 | dust | dust | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 13 take | parataxis |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 cake | det |
| 28 | cake | cake | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 dust | obj |
| 29 | with | with | ADP | _ | 30 sugar | case |
| 30 | sugar | sugar | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 dust | obl |
| 31 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 26 dust | punct |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 mean | punct |
| 33 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 mean | cc |
| 34 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 35 left | punct |
| 35 | left | left | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 mean | nsubj |
| 36 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 35 left | punct |
| 37 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 38 mean | aux |
| 38 | mean | mean | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 13 take | conj |
| 39 | gone | gone | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 mean | xcomp |
| 40 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 42 left | punct |
| 41 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 42 left | nsubj |
| 42 | left | leave | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 take | parataxis |
| 43 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 42 left | punct |
| 44 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 46 here | cc |
| 45 | still | still | ADV | _ | 46 here | advmod |
| 46 | here | here | ADV | PronType=Dem | 42 left | conj |
| 47 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 50 left | punct |
| 48 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 49 biscuit | nummod |
| 49 | biscuit | biscuit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 left | nsubj |
| 50 | left | left | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 here | parataxis |
| 51 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 50 left | punct |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 mean | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mean | present | some words | Words's own opposite | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent opposite=Topic | ||||
| 2 | mean | can | dust | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | take off | infinitive | dust | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dust=Theme | |||||
| 4 | dust | infinitive | the shelf | vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent shelf=Theme | |||||
| 5 | put on | infinitive | powder | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent powder=Goal | |||||
| 6 | dust | infinitive | the cake | with sugar | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: agent=Agent cake=Destination with sugar=Theme | ||||
| 7 | mean | can | left | gone property | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 8 | leave | past | left | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 9 | left | one biscuit | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:036-grammar-puzzles-part-two.lesson:15.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/36-grammar-puzzles-part-two/15/