Words that changed their meaning, sentence 11
"Starve" comes from Old English "steorfan", to die, like German "sterben"; it narrowed to die of hunger, and "I'm starving" today usually just means very hungry.
Who acts: sterben, I, starving · What happens: starve, come, die, narrow, mean · To what, where: steorfan, Old English · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sterben, I, starving), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Starve | punct |
| 2 | Starve | starve | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 4 comes | nsubj |
| 3 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Starve | punct |
| 4 | comes | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | from | from | ADP | _ | 7 English | case |
| 6 | Old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 English | amod |
| 7 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 comes | obl |
| 8 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 9 steorfan | punct |
| 9 | steorfan | steorfan | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 comes | obl |
| 10 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 9 steorfan | punct |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 die | punct |
| 12 | to | to | PART | _ | 13 die | mark |
| 13 | die | die | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 9 steorfan | appos |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 sterben | punct |
| 15 | like | like | ADP | _ | 18 sterben | case |
| 16 | German | German | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 sterben | amod |
| 17 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 sterben | punct |
| 18 | sterben | sterben | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 comes | obl |
| 19 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 sterben | punct |
| 20 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 22 narrowed | punct |
| 21 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 22 narrowed | nsubj |
| 22 | narrowed | narrow | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 comes | parataxis |
| 23 | to | to | PART | _ | 24 die | mark |
| 24 | die | die | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 22 narrowed | xcomp |
| 25 | of | of | ADP | _ | 26 hunger | case |
| 26 | hunger | hunger | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 die | obl |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 starving | punct |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 means | cc |
| 29 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 32 starving | punct |
| 30 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 32 starving | nsubj |
| 31 | 'm | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 starving | aux |
| 32 | starving | starve | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 37 means | csubj |
| 33 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 32 starving | punct |
| 34 | today | today | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 starving | obl:unmarked |
| 35 | usually | usually | ADV | _ | 37 means | advmod |
| 36 | just | just | ADV | _ | 37 means | advmod |
| 37 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 comes | conj |
| 38 | very | very | ADV | _ | 39 hungry | advmod |
| 39 | hungry | hungry | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 means | xcomp |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 comes | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | starve in a quote | infinitive | tree rules | ||||||
| 2 | come | present | steorfan | Old English | like German sterben | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from english=Initial_Location | |||
| 3 | die | to-infinitive | vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | ||||||
| 4 | narrow | past | sterben | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | die | to-infinitive | sterben not said here | of hunger | vn die-42.4-1 «NP V PP.cause»: agent=Patient of hunger=Causer | ||||
| 6 | starve in a quote | present · progressive | I | today | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | mean | present | starving | hungry, usually property | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:038-words-that-changed-their-meaning.lesson:11.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/11/