Words that changed their meaning, sentence 10

"Naughty" comes from "naught", meaning nothing; it first meant having nothing, then wicked, and now mostly a child behaving badly.

Who acts: Naughty, child · What happens: come, mean, have, behave · To what, where: naught, nothing

This is a sentence of the lesson «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Naughty, child), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	"	"	PUNCT	_	2 Naughty	punct
2	Naughty	naughty	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 comes	nsubj
3	"	"	PUNCT	_	2 Naughty	punct
4	comes	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	from	from	ADP	_	7 naught	case
6	"	"	PUNCT	_	7 naught	punct
7	naught	naught	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 comes	obl
8	"	"	PUNCT	_	7 naught	punct
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 meaning	punct
10	meaning	mean	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 comes	advcl
11	nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	10 meaning	obj
12	;	;	PUNCT	_	15 meant	punct
13	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	15 meant	nsubj
14	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	15 meant	advmod
15	meant	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 comes	parataxis
16	having	have	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	15 meant	advcl
17	nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	16 having	obj
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 wicked	punct
19	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	20 wicked	advmod
20	wicked	wicked	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 meant	conj
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	26 child	punct
22	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 wicked	cc
23	now	now	ADV	PronType=Dem	26 child	advmod
24	mostly	mostly	ADV	_	26 child	advmod
25	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	26 child	det
26	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 meant	conj
27	behaving	behave	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	26 child	acl
28	badly	badly	ADV	Degree=Pos	27 behaving	advmod
29	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 comes	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	come	present	Naughty		naught		vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from naught=Initial_Location
2	mean	gerund	Naughty not said here	nothing			vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Topic
3	mean	past	Naughty			first property	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
4	have	gerund	Naughty not said here	nothing			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Patient
5	behave	gerund	a child not said here			badly property	vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:038-words-that-changed-their-meaning.lesson:10.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/10/