Words that changed their meaning, sentence 8

Old English "dēor" meant any wild animal, like German "Tier" (animal) today; it narrowed to one kind of animal, the deer, and "hound" once meant any dog, like German "Hund".

Who acts: Old English dēor, dēor, hound · What happens: mean, narrow · To what, where: wild animal, dog

This is a sentence of the lesson «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Old English dēor, dēor, hound), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 dēor	amod
2	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 dēor	compound
3	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 dēor	punct
4	dēor	dēor	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 meant	nsubj
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 dēor	punct
6	meant	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	9 animal	det
8	wild	wild	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 animal	amod
9	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 meant	obj
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 animal	punct
11	like	like	ADP	_	14 Tier	case
12	German	German	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 Tier	amod
13	"	"	PUNCT	_	14 Tier	punct
14	Tier	Tier	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 meant	obl
15	"	"	PUNCT	_	14 Tier	punct
16	(	(	PUNCT	_	17 animal	punct
17	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 Tier	appos
18	)	)	PUNCT	_	17 animal	punct
19	today	today	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 meant	obl:unmarked
20	;	;	PUNCT	_	22 narrowed	punct
21	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	22 narrowed	nsubj
22	narrowed	narrow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 meant	parataxis
23	to	to	ADP	_	25 kind	case
24	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	25 kind	nummod
25	kind	kind	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 narrowed	obl
26	of	of	ADP	_	27 animal	case
27	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 kind	nmod
28	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 deer	punct
29	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	30 deer	det
30	deer	deer	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 kind	nmod
31	,	,	PUNCT	_	37 meant	punct
32	and	and	CCONJ	_	37 meant	cc
33	"	"	PUNCT	_	34 hound	punct
34	hound	hound	NOUN	Number=Sing	37 meant	nsubj
35	"	"	PUNCT	_	34 hound	punct
36	once	once	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	37 meant	advmod
37	meant	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	22 narrowed	conj
38	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	39 dog	det
39	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	37 meant	obj
40	,	,	PUNCT	_	44 Hund	punct
41	like	like	ADP	_	44 Hund	case
42	German	German	ADJ	Degree=Pos	44 Hund	amod
43	"	"	PUNCT	_	44 Hund	punct
44	Hund	Hund	PROPN	Number=Sing	37 meant	obl
45	"	"	PUNCT	_	44 Hund	punct
46	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 meant	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	mean	past	Old English dēor	any wild animal	today	like German Tier	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Topic
2	narrow	past	dēor			to one kind of animal the deer	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
3	mean	past	hound	any dog		like German Hund; once property	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dog=Topic

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:038-words-that-changed-their-meaning.lesson:8.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/8/