Pronouns: I, me, you, they and who, sentence 6
Standard English has no special plural "you", so dialects made their own: youse in Ireland, Liverpool and Glasgow, y'all in the southern US, yinz in Pittsburgh; long ago English had "thou" for one friend and "you" for many or for someone you respected.
Who acts: Standard, dialects, English, you · What happens: have, make, respect · To what, where: special plural, own, thou
This is a sentence of the lesson «Pronouns: I, me, you, they and who» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Standard, dialects, English, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Standard | Standard | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 has | nsubj |
| 2 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 1 Standard | flat |
| 3 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 6 plural | det |
| 5 | special | special | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 plural | amod |
| 6 | plural | plural | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 has | obj |
| 7 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 8 you | punct |
| 8 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 6 plural | conj |
| 9 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 8 you | punct |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 made | punct |
| 11 | so | so | ADV | _ | 13 made | advmod |
| 12 | dialects | dialect | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 made | nsubj |
| 13 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 has | parataxis |
| 14 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 15 own | nmod:poss |
| 15 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 made | obj |
| 16 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 17 youse | punct |
| 17 | youse | youse | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 made | obl |
| 18 | in | in | ADP | _ | 19 Ireland | case |
| 19 | Ireland | Ireland | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 youse | nmod |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 Liverpool | punct |
| 21 | Liverpool | Liverpool | PROPN | Number=Sing | 19 Ireland | conj |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 Glasgow | cc |
| 23 | Glasgow | Glasgow | PROPN | Number=Sing | 19 Ireland | conj |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 US | punct |
| 25 | y'all | y'all | ADV | _ | 29 US | advmod |
| 26 | in | in | ADP | _ | 29 US | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 US | det |
| 28 | southern | southern | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 US | amod |
| 29 | US | US | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 youse | nmod |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 yinz | punct |
| 31 | yinz | yinz | PROPN | _ | 29 US | list |
| 32 | in | in | ADP | _ | 33 Pittsburgh | case |
| 33 | Pittsburgh | Pittsburgh | PROPN | Number=Sing | 31 yinz | nmod |
| 34 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 38 had | punct |
| 35 | long | long | ADV | Degree=Pos | 36 ago | advmod |
| 36 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 38 had | advmod |
| 37 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 38 had | nsubj |
| 38 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 has | conj |
| 39 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 40 thou | punct |
| 40 | thou | thou | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 had | obj |
| 41 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 40 thou | punct |
| 42 | for | for | ADP | _ | 44 friend | case |
| 43 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 44 friend | nummod |
| 44 | friend | friend | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 had | obl |
| 45 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 47 you | cc |
| 46 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 47 you | punct |
| 47 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 38 had | parataxis |
| 48 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 47 you | punct |
| 49 | for | for | ADP | _ | 50 many | case |
| 50 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 47 you | nmod |
| 51 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 53 someone | cc |
| 52 | for | for | ADP | _ | 53 someone | case |
| 53 | someone | someone | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Ind | 50 many | conj |
| 54 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 55 respected | nsubj |
| 55 | respected | respect | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 53 someone | acl:relcl |
| 56 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 has | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | Standard | no special plural | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plural=Patient | ||||
| 2 | make | past | dialects | dialects's own | youse in Ireland and Liverpool and Glasgow in the southern US obl | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset own=Product | |||
| 3 | have | past | English | thou | for one friend; ago property | tree rules | |||
| 4 | respect | past | you | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:005-pronouns-i-me-you-they-and-who.lesson:6.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/5-pronouns-i-me-you-they-and-who/6/