Told you a hundred times: how other languages exaggerate and play down, sentence 11
«xiào sǐ wǒ le» («laughing me to death») means «it's really funny», just like English «I'm dead 💀»; many languages use «death» to mean «very much».
Who acts: xiào sǐ, », Ukrainian grandma, many languages · What happens: laugh, mean, be, use · To what, where: Ukrainian grandma, funny », dead 💀, death · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Told you a hundred times: how other languages exaggerate and play down» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (xiào sǐ, », Ukrainian grandma, many languages), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 15 means | punct |
| 2 | xiào | xiào | X | Foreign=Yes | 3 sǐ | flat:foreign |
| 3 | sǐ | sǐ | X | _ | 15 means | nsubj |
| 4 | wǒ | wǒ | ADP | _ | 6 » | case |
| 5 | le | le | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 » | compound |
| 6 | » | » | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 sǐ | nmod |
| 7 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 9 laughing | punct |
| 8 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 9 laughing | punct |
| 9 | laughing | laugh | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 15 means | advcl |
| 10 | me | I | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 9 laughing | obj |
| 11 | to | to | ADP | _ | 12 death | case |
| 12 | death | death | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 laughing | obl |
| 13 | » | » | PUNCT | _ | 9 laughing | punct |
| 14 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 9 laughing | punct |
| 15 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 16 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 15 means | punct |
| 17 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 21 » | nsubj |
| 18 | 's | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 » | cop |
| 19 | really | really | ADV | _ | 20 funny | advmod |
| 20 | funny | funny | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 » | amod |
| 21 | » | » | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 means | obj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 English | punct |
| 23 | just | just | ADV | _ | 25 English | advmod |
| 24 | like | like | ADP | _ | 25 English | case |
| 25 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 » | appos |
| 26 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 30 💀 | punct |
| 27 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 30 💀 | nsubj |
| 28 | 'm | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 30 💀 | cop |
| 29 | dead | dead | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 💀 | amod |
| 30 | 💀 | 💀 | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 » | conj |
| 31 | » | » | PUNCT | _ | 21 » | punct |
| 32 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 21 » | punct |
| 33 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 languages | amod |
| 34 | languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 use | nsubj |
| 35 | use | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 means | parataxis |
| 36 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 37 death | punct |
| 37 | death | death | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 use | obj |
| 38 | » | » | PUNCT | _ | 37 death | punct |
| 39 | to | to | PART | _ | 40 mean | mark |
| 40 | mean | mean | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 35 use | advcl |
| 41 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 43 much | punct |
| 42 | very | very | ADV | _ | 43 much | advmod |
| 43 | much | much | ADV | _ | 40 mean | obj |
| 44 | » | » | PUNCT | _ | 43 much | punct |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 15 means | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | laugh in a quote | gerund | xiào sǐ wǒ le » not said here | a Ukrainian grandma = grandma | to death | vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme | |||
| 2 | mean | present | xiào sǐ wǒ le » | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | is a | present | » | funny » and dead 💀 | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | is a in a quote | present | a Ukrainian grandma = grandma | dead 💀 | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | use | present | many languages | death | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent death=Patient | ||||
| 6 | mean | to-infinitive | many languages not said here | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent much=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:053-told-you-a-hundred-times-how-other-languages-exaggerate-and-play-down.lesson:11.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×4, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/53-told-you-a-hundred-times-how-other-languages-exaggerate-and-play-down/11/