Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences together, sentence 12
The "rule" against ending a sentence with a preposition was copied from Latin by some writers in the 1600s and 1700s; English naturally says "What are you looking at?".
Who acts: rule, writers, English, you · What happens: end, copy, say, look · To what, where: sentence, rule, Latin · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences together» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rule, writers, English, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 rule | det |
| 2 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 3 rule | punct |
| 3 | rule | rule | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 copied | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 3 rule | punct |
| 5 | against | against | SCONJ | _ | 6 ending | mark |
| 6 | ending | end | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 3 rule | acl |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 sentence | det |
| 8 | sentence | sentence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 ending | obj |
| 9 | with | with | ADP | _ | 11 preposition | case |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 preposition | det |
| 11 | preposition | preposition | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 ending | obl |
| 12 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 copied | aux:pass |
| 13 | copied | copy | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 14 | from | from | ADP | _ | 15 Latin | case |
| 15 | Latin | Latin | PROPN | Number=Sing | 13 copied | obl |
| 16 | by | by | ADP | _ | 18 writers | case |
| 17 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 18 writers | det |
| 18 | writers | writer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 copied | obl:agent |
| 19 | in | in | ADP | _ | 21 1600s | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 1600s | det |
| 21 | 1600s | 1600 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 13 copied | obl |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 1700s | cc |
| 23 | 1700s | 1700 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 21 1600s | conj |
| 24 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 27 says | punct |
| 25 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 says | nsubj |
| 26 | naturally | naturally | ADV | _ | 27 says | advmod |
| 27 | says | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 copied | parataxis |
| 28 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 32 looking | punct |
| 29 | What | what | PRON | PronType=Rel | 32 looking | obl |
| 30 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 looking | aux |
| 31 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 32 looking | nsubj |
| 32 | looking | look | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 27 says | ccomp |
| 33 | at | at | ADP | _ | 32 looking | obl |
| 34 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 32 looking | punct |
| 35 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 32 looking | punct |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 13 copied | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | end | gerund | the rule not said here | a sentence | with a preposition | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality PP.subeventuality»: agent=Affector sentence=Eventuality with preposition=Subeventuality | |||
| 2 | copy | past · passive | some writers | the rule | Latin | in the 1600s and 1700s | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent subject=Theme in 1600=Destination | ||
| 3 | say speech: ask | present | English | naturally property | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||
| 4 | look in a quote | present · progressive | you | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:006-prepositions-and-conjunctions.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/12/