Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences together, sentence 4
Some old "rules" are myths: ending a sentence with a preposition ("What are you looking at?") is natural English, and starting with And or But can be fine for effect.
Who acts: old rules, you, ending · What happens: be, end, look, start · To what, where: myths, sentence, looking natural English
This is a sentence of the lesson «Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences together» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (old rules, you, ending), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 4 rules | det |
| 2 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 rules | amod |
| 3 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 4 rules | punct |
| 4 | rules | rule | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 myths | nsubj |
| 5 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 4 rules | punct |
| 6 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 myths | cop |
| 7 | myths | myth | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 8 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 7 myths | punct |
| 9 | ending | end | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 27 English | csubj |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 sentence | det |
| 11 | sentence | sentence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 ending | obj |
| 12 | with | with | ADP | _ | 14 preposition | case |
| 13 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 preposition | det |
| 14 | preposition | preposition | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 ending | obl |
| 15 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 20 looking | punct |
| 16 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 looking | punct |
| 17 | What | what | PRON | PronType=Rel | 20 looking | obl |
| 18 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 looking | aux |
| 19 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 20 looking | nsubj |
| 20 | looking | look | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 27 English | amod |
| 21 | at | at | ADP | _ | 20 looking | obl |
| 22 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 20 looking | punct |
| 23 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 looking | punct |
| 24 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 20 looking | punct |
| 25 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 English | cop |
| 26 | natural | natural | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 English | amod |
| 27 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 myths | parataxis |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 starting | punct |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 starting | cc |
| 30 | starting | start | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 9 ending | conj |
| 31 | with | with | SCONJ | _ | 37 fine | mark |
| 32 | And | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 fine | cc |
| 33 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 37 fine | cc |
| 34 | But | but | CCONJ | _ | 37 fine | cc |
| 35 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 37 fine | aux |
| 36 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 37 fine | cop |
| 37 | fine | fine | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 starting | ccomp |
| 38 | for | for | ADP | _ | 39 effect | case |
| 39 | effect | effect | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 fine | obl |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 myths | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- character
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed form=decl, act=assert
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | some old rules | myths | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | end | gerund | a sentence | with a preposition | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality PP.subeventuality»: agent=Affector sentence=Eventuality with preposition=Subeventuality | ||||
| 3 | look in a quote | present · progressive | you | looking natural English | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | ||||
| 4 | is a | present | ending | looking natural English | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | start | gerund | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | ||||||
| 6 | is | can | for effect; fine property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:006-prepositions-and-conjunctions.lesson:4.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R2-punct-next ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/4/