Tenses: past, present and future, sentence 17

Indian English, used by millions, has its own patterns, such as "I am knowing him for years", where British and American English say "I have known him for years".

Who acts: Indian English, British, o'clock · What happens: use, have, know, say, pattern · To what, where: Indian English, own patterns, pattern, English · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Tenses: past, present and future» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indian English, British, o'clock), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Indian	Indian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 English	amod
2	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 has	nsubj
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 used	punct
4	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 English	acl
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 millions	case
6	millions	million	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 used	obl:agent
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 English	punct
8	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	11 patterns	nmod:poss
10	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 patterns	amod
11	patterns	pattern	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 has	obj
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 knowing	punct
13	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos ExtPos=SCONJ	18 knowing	mark
14	as	as	ADP	_	13 such	fixed
15	"	"	PUNCT	_	18 knowing	punct
16	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	18 knowing	nsubj
17	am	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 knowing	aux
18	knowing	know	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	11 patterns	acl
19	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	18 knowing	obj
20	for	for	ADP	_	21 years	case
21	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 knowing	obl
22	"	"	PUNCT	_	18 knowing	punct
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	29 say	punct
24	where	where	ADV	PronType=Rel	29 say	advmod
25	British	British	ADJ	Degree=Pos	29 say	nsubj
26	and	and	CCONJ	_	28 English	cc
27	American	American	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 British	conj
28	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	25 British	conj
29	say	say	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	18 knowing	ccomp
30	"	"	PUNCT	_	33 known	punct
31	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	33 known	nsubj
32	have	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	33 known	aux
33	known	know	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	29 say	ccomp
34	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	33 known	obj
35	for	for	ADP	_	36 years	case
36	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	33 known	obl
37	"	"	PUNCT	_	33 known	punct
38	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 has	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	roles by
1	use	participle		Indian English not said here		vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	have	present	Indian English	o'clock's own patterns		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pattern=Patient
3	know in a quote	present · progressive	British and English = british	pattern	year	tree rules
4	say speech: assert	infinitive	British and English			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
5	know in a quote	present · perfect	British and English = british	English	year	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer he=Stimulus
6	pattern		o'clock			nom pattern «cognition intransitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:008-tenses-past-present-future.lesson:17.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/8-tenses-past-present-future/17/