Money's history: shells, coins, paper, cards, phones, sentence 1
Long ago people used things that were hard to find and that everyone agreed on, like cowrie shells, salt, cattle and beads; today a bucket of beach shells buys nothing, because nobody agrees to use shells as money any more.
Who acts: people, things, everyone, today bucket, nobody · What happens: use, be, find, agree, buy · To what, where: things, nothing, shells
This is a sentence of the lesson «Money's history: shells, coins, paper, cards, phones» of the money course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, things, everyone, today bucket), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Long | long | ADV | Degree=Pos | 2 ago | advmod |
| 2 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 4 used | advmod |
| 3 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 used | nsubj |
| 4 | used | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | things | thing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 used | obj |
| 6 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 hard | nsubj |
| 7 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 hard | cop |
| 8 | hard | hard | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 things | acl:relcl |
| 9 | to | to | PART | _ | 10 find | mark |
| 10 | find | find | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 hard | xcomp |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 agreed | cc |
| 12 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 14 agreed | mark |
| 13 | everyone | everyone | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Tot | 14 agreed | nsubj |
| 14 | agreed | agree | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 hard | conj |
| 15 | on | on | ADV | _ | 14 agreed | advmod |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 shells | punct |
| 17 | like | like | ADP | _ | 19 shells | case |
| 18 | cowrie | cowrie | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 shells | compound |
| 19 | shells | shell | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 agreed | obl |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 salt | punct |
| 21 | salt | salt | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 shells | conj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 cattle | punct |
| 23 | cattle | cattle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 shells | conj |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 beads | cc |
| 25 | beads | bead | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 cattle | conj |
| 26 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 29 bucket | punct |
| 27 | today | today | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 bucket | compound |
| 28 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 29 bucket | det |
| 29 | bucket | bucket | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 buys | nsubj |
| 30 | of | of | ADP | _ | 32 shells | case |
| 31 | beach | beach | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 shells | compound |
| 32 | shells | shell | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 bucket | nmod |
| 33 | buys | buy | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 agreed | conj |
| 34 | nothing | nothing | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Neg | 33 buys | obj |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 agrees | punct |
| 36 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 38 agrees | mark |
| 37 | nobody | nobody | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Neg | 38 agrees | nsubj |
| 38 | agrees | agree | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 33 buys | advcl |
| 39 | to | to | PART | _ | 40 use | mark |
| 40 | use | use | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 38 agrees | xcomp |
| 41 | shells | shell | NOUN | Number=Plur | 40 use | obj |
| 42 | as | as | ADP | _ | 43 money | case |
| 43 | money | money | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 use | obl |
| 44 | any | any | ADV | _ | 45 more | advmod |
| 45 | more | more | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 40 use | advmod |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 used | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | use | past | people | things | ago property | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Patient | |||
| 2 | is | past | things | hard property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | find | to-infinitive | things not said here | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | agree speech: agree | past | everyone | like cowrie shells and salt and cattle and beads | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 5 | buy | present | a today bucket of beach shells | nothing | vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Theme | ||||
| 6 | agree speech: agree | present | nobody | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 7 | use not said to happen | to-infinitive | nobody not said here | shells | as money | vn spend_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent shell=Duration as money=Attribute |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:money:005-money-s-history-shells-coins-paper-cards-phones.lesson:1.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/money/5-money-s-history-shells-coins-paper-cards-phones/1/