Money's history: shells, coins, paper, cards, phones, sentence 2
About 2,600 years ago the first coins were made in Lydia, in what is now Turkey, and over 1,000 years ago China began using paper money, because a light note was easier to carry than a heavy pile of coins.
Who acts: China, light note · What happens: make, be, begin, use, carry · To what, where: first coins, Lydia, Turkey, paper money
This is a sentence of the lesson «Money's history: shells, coins, paper, cards, phones» of the money course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (China, light note), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | About | about | ADV | _ | 2 2,600 | advmod |
| 2 | 2,600 | 2,600 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 3 years | nummod |
| 3 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 4 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 9 made | advmod |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 coins | det |
| 6 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 7 coins | amod |
| 7 | coins | coin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 made | nsubj:pass |
| 8 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 made | aux:pass |
| 9 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 10 | in | in | ADP | _ | 11 Lydia | case |
| 11 | Lydia | Lydia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 made | obl |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 what | punct |
| 13 | in | in | ADP | _ | 14 what | case |
| 14 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 9 made | parataxis |
| 15 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 Turkey | cop |
| 16 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 17 Turkey | advmod |
| 17 | Turkey | Turkey | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 what | acl:relcl |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 began | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 began | cc |
| 20 | over | over | ADV | _ | 21 1,000 | advmod |
| 21 | 1,000 | 1000 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 22 years | nummod |
| 22 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 23 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 25 began | advmod |
| 24 | China | China | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 began | nsubj |
| 25 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 made | conj |
| 26 | using | use | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 25 began | xcomp |
| 27 | paper | paper | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 money | compound |
| 28 | money | money | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 using | obj |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 easier | punct |
| 30 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 35 easier | mark |
| 31 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 33 note | det |
| 32 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 note | compound |
| 33 | note | note | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 easier | nsubj |
| 34 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 35 easier | cop |
| 35 | easier | easy | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 9 made | advcl |
| 36 | to | to | PART | _ | 37 carry | mark |
| 37 | carry | carry | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 35 easier | xcomp |
| 38 | than | than | ADP | _ | 41 pile | case |
| 39 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 41 pile | det |
| 40 | heavy | heavy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 41 pile | amod |
| 41 | pile | pile | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 carry | obl |
| 42 | of | of | ADP | _ | 43 coins | case |
| 43 | coins | coin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 pile | nmod |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 made | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | make | past · passive | the first coins | Lydia | ago property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product | |||
| 2 | is a | present | Turkey | now | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | begin | past | China | ago property | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | ||||
| 4 | use | gerund | China not said here | paper money | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Patient | ||||
| 5 | is | past | a light note | easy property | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | carry | to-infinitive | a light note not said here | than a heavy pile of coins | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:money:005-money-s-history-shells-coins-paper-cards-phones.lesson:2.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/money/5-money-s-history-shells-coins-paper-cards-phones/2/