Floating in the real world: ice, submarines and balloons, sentence 10
Hot air spreads out and gets lighter for its size than the cold air around it, so a hot-air balloon rises, and sinks slowly as the air inside cools, so the pilot fires a burner to heat it again.
Who acts: Hot air, air balloon, air, pilot · What happens: spread out, get, rise, sink, cool, fire · To what, where: burner, air
This is a sentence of the lesson «Floating in the real world: ice, submarines and balloons» of the physics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hot air, air balloon, air, pilot), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hot | hot | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 air | amod |
| 2 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 spreads | nsubj |
| 3 | spreads | spread | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | out | out | ADP | _ | 3 spreads | compound:prt |
| 5 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 6 gets | cc |
| 6 | gets | get | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 spreads | conj |
| 7 | lighter | light | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 6 gets | xcomp |
| 8 | for | for | ADP | _ | 10 size | case |
| 9 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 size | nmod:poss |
| 10 | size | size | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 lighter | obl |
| 11 | than | than | ADP | _ | 14 air | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 air | det |
| 13 | cold | cold | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 air | amod |
| 14 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 gets | obl |
| 15 | around | around | ADP | _ | 16 it | case |
| 16 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 air | nmod |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 rises | punct |
| 18 | so | so | ADV | _ | 24 rises | advmod |
| 19 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 23 balloon | det |
| 20 | hot | hot | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 air | amod |
| 21 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 20 hot | punct |
| 22 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 balloon | compound |
| 23 | balloon | balloon | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 rises | nsubj |
| 24 | rises | rise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 spreads | parataxis |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 sinks | punct |
| 26 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 sinks | cc |
| 27 | sinks | sink | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 24 rises | conj |
| 28 | slowly | slowly | ADV | _ | 27 sinks | advmod |
| 29 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 33 cools | mark |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 air | det |
| 31 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 cools | nsubj |
| 32 | inside | inside | ADV | _ | 31 air | advmod |
| 33 | cools | cool | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 sinks | advcl |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 fires | punct |
| 35 | so | so | ADV | _ | 38 fires | advmod |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 pilot | det |
| 37 | pilot | pilot | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 fires | nsubj |
| 38 | fires | fire | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 spreads | conj |
| 39 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 40 burner | det |
| 40 | burner | burner | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 fires | obj |
| 41 | to | to | PART | _ | 42 heat | mark |
| 42 | heat | heat | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 38 fires | advcl |
| 43 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 42 heat | obj |
| 44 | again | again | ADV | _ | 42 heat | advmod |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 spreads | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed polarity=none
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | spread out | present | Hot air | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | get | present | Hot air not said here | than the cold air around air; light property | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 3 | rise | present | a air balloon | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | sink | present | a air balloon not said here | slowly property | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 5 | cool | present | the air | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 6 | fire | present | the pilot | a burner | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent burner=Theme | ||||
| 7 | heat | to-infinitive | the pilot not said here | air | again | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:physics:012-ice-submarines-and-balloons.lesson:10.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/12-ice-submarines-and-balloons/10/