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Alice's fall and her sizes: falling, the centre of the Earth, giants and tiny people, sentence 7

A falling object speeds up every second because gravity keeps pulling it; only air pushing back slows it, which is why a parachute falls gently and a stone does not.

Who acts: falling object, gravity, air, stone · What happens: fall, speed up, keep, pull, push back, slow · To what, where: gravity

This is a sentence of the lesson «Alice's fall and her sizes: falling, the centre of the Earth, giants and tiny people» of the physics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (falling object, gravity, air, stone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

detamodnsubjcompound:prtdetobl:unmarkedmarknsubjadvclxcompobjpunctadvmodnsubjacladvmodparataxisobjpunctnsubjcopadvmoddetnsubjconjadvmodccdetnsubjconjadvmodpunctrootADETfallingVERBobjectNOUNspeedsVERBupADPeveryDETsecondNOUNbecauseSCONJgravityNOUNkeepsVERBpullingVERBitPRON;PUNCTonlyADVairNOUNpushingVERBbackADVslowsVERBitPRON,PUNCTwhichPRONisAUXwhyADVaDETparachuteNOUNfallsVERBgentlyADVandCCONJaDETstoneNOUNdoesVERBnotPART.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1AaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art3 objectdet
2fallingfallVERBTense=Pres VerbForm=Part3 objectamod
3objectobjectNOUNNumber=Sing4 speedsnsubj
4speedsspeedVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Finrootroot
5upupADP_4 speedscompound:prt
6everyeveryDETPronType=Tot7 seconddet
7secondsecondNOUNNumber=Sing4 speedsobl:unmarked
8becausebecauseSCONJ_10 keepsmark
9gravitygravityNOUNNumber=Sing10 keepsnsubj
10keepskeepVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin4 speedsadvcl
11pullingpullVERBTense=Pres VerbForm=Part10 keepsxcomp
12ititPRONCase=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs11 pullingobj
13;;PUNCT_15 airpunct
14onlyonlyADV_15 airadvmod
15airairNOUNNumber=Sing18 slowsnsubj
16pushingpushVERBTense=Pres VerbForm=Part15 airacl
17backbackADV_16 pushingadvmod
18slowsslowVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin4 speedsparataxis
19ititPRONCase=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs18 slowsobj
20,,PUNCT_26 fallspunct
21whichwhichPRONPronType=Rel26 fallsnsubj
22isbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin23 whycop
23whywhyADVPronType=Int26 fallsadvmod
24aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art25 parachutedet
25parachuteparachuteNOUNNumber=Sing26 fallsnsubj
26fallsfallVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin18 slowsconj
27gentlygentlyADV_26 fallsadvmod
28andandCCONJ_31 doescc
29aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art30 stonedet
30stonestoneNOUNNumber=Sing31 doesnsubj
31doesdoVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin18 slowsconj
32notnotPARTPolarity=Neg31 doesadvmod
33..PUNCT_4 speedspunct

Pragmatics

form
statement
act
assert
voice
narrator
polarity
none
teacher
kept the draft
#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1fallgerundvn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2speed uppresenta falling objectsecondvn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3keeppresentgravitytree rules
4pullgerundgravity not said heregravityvn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
5push backgerundair not said herevn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
6slowpresentairgravityvn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient
7ispresentwhy propertytree rules
8fallpresentgently propertyvn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
9not dopresenta stonevn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:physics:041-alice-s-fall-and-sizes-falling-the-centre-of-the-earth-giants-and-tiny-people.lesson:7.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/41-alice-s-fall-and-sizes-falling-the-centre-of-the-earth-giants-and-tiny-people/7/