Alice's fall and her sizes: falling, the centre of the Earth, giants and tiny people, sentence 7
A falling object speeds up every second because gravity keeps pulling it; only air pushing back slows it, which is why a parachute falls gently and a stone does not.
Who acts: falling object, gravity, air, stone · What happens: fall, speed up, keep, pull, push back, slow · To what, where: gravity
This is a sentence of the lesson «Alice's fall and her sizes: falling, the centre of the Earth, giants and tiny people» of the physics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (falling object, gravity, air, stone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 object | det |
| 2 | falling | fall | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 3 object | amod |
| 3 | object | object | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 speeds | nsubj |
| 4 | speeds | speed | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | up | up | ADP | _ | 4 speeds | compound:prt |
| 6 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 7 second | det |
| 7 | second | second | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 speeds | obl:unmarked |
| 8 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 10 keeps | mark |
| 9 | gravity | gravity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 keeps | nsubj |
| 10 | keeps | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 speeds | advcl |
| 11 | pulling | pull | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 10 keeps | xcomp |
| 12 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 11 pulling | obj |
| 13 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 15 air | punct |
| 14 | only | only | ADV | _ | 15 air | advmod |
| 15 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 slows | nsubj |
| 16 | pushing | push | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 15 air | acl |
| 17 | back | back | ADV | _ | 16 pushing | advmod |
| 18 | slows | slow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 speeds | parataxis |
| 19 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 slows | obj |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 falls | punct |
| 21 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 26 falls | nsubj |
| 22 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 why | cop |
| 23 | why | why | ADV | PronType=Int | 26 falls | advmod |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 parachute | det |
| 25 | parachute | parachute | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 falls | nsubj |
| 26 | falls | fall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 slows | conj |
| 27 | gently | gently | ADV | _ | 26 falls | advmod |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 does | cc |
| 29 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 30 stone | det |
| 30 | stone | stone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 does | nsubj |
| 31 | does | do | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 slows | conj |
| 32 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 31 does | advmod |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 speeds | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | fall | gerund | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 2 | speed up | present | a falling object | second | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 3 | keep | present | gravity | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | pull | gerund | gravity not said here | gravity | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme | ||||
| 5 | push back | gerund | air not said here | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | slow | present | air | gravity | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient | ||||
| 7 | is | present | why property | tree rules | |||||
| 8 | fall | present | gently property | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 9 | not do | present | a stone | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:physics:041-alice-s-fall-and-sizes-falling-the-centre-of-the-earth-giants-and-tiny-people.lesson:7.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/41-alice-s-fall-and-sizes-falling-the-centre-of-the-earth-giants-and-tiny-people/7/