Bots, troll farms and deepfakes in elections, sentence 6
It was reported by US investigators that a group in Russia called the Internet Research Agency ran many fake accounts pretending to be Americans around the 2016 election; such a group is often called a troll farm.
Who acts: US investigators, group, many fake accounts · What happens: report, call, run, pretend, be · To what, where: bot, Internet Research Agency, many fake accounts, 2016 election, Americans, group · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Bots, troll farms and deepfakes in elections» of the politics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (US investigators, group, many fake accounts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 reported | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 reported | aux:pass |
| 3 | reported | report | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | by | by | ADP | _ | 6 investigators | case |
| 5 | US | US | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 investigators | compound |
| 6 | investigators | investigator | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 reported | obl:agent |
| 7 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 17 ran | mark |
| 8 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 group | det |
| 9 | group | group | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 ran | nsubj |
| 10 | in | in | ADP | _ | 11 Russia | case |
| 11 | Russia | Russia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 group | nmod |
| 12 | called | call | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 group | acl |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 Agency | det |
| 14 | Internet | Internet | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 Agency | compound |
| 15 | Research | Research | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 Agency | compound |
| 16 | Agency | Agency | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 called | obj |
| 17 | ran | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 reported | ccomp |
| 18 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 accounts | amod |
| 19 | fake | fake | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 accounts | amod |
| 20 | accounts | account | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 ran | obj |
| 21 | pretending | pretend | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 20 accounts | acl |
| 22 | to | to | PART | _ | 24 Americans | mark |
| 23 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 24 Americans | cop |
| 24 | Americans | American | PROPN | Number=Plur | 21 pretending | xcomp |
| 25 | around | around | ADP | _ | 28 election | case |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 election | det |
| 27 | 2016 | 2016 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 28 election | nummod |
| 28 | election | election | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 pretending | obl |
| 29 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 35 called | punct |
| 30 | such | such | DET | PronType=Ind | 32 group | det:predet |
| 31 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 32 group | det |
| 32 | group | group | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 called | nsubj:pass |
| 33 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 35 called | aux:pass |
| 34 | often | often | ADV | _ | 35 called | advmod |
| 35 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 reported | conj |
| 36 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 38 farm | det |
| 37 | troll | troll | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 farm | compound |
| 38 | farm | farm | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 called | xcomp |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 reported | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | report | past · passive | US investigators | bot | vn characterize-29.2-1-2 «NP V NP to be ADJ»: agent=Agent subject=Theme clause=Attribute | ||||
| 2 | call | past | a group in Russia not said here | the Internet Research Agency | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent agency=Recipient | ||||
| 3 | run | past | a group in Russia | many fake accounts | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme account=Trajectory | ||||
| 4 | pretend | gerund | many fake accounts not said here | the 2016 election | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | is a | to-infinitive | many fake accounts not said here | Americans | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | call | present · passive | such group | often property | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:politics:032-bots-troll-farms-and-deepfakes.lesson:6.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/32-bots-troll-farms-and-deepfakes/6/