Cheating, rules and games, sentence 0
Cheating means breaking the rules in secret to get ahead, such as copying answers in a test, bending the rules of a game, or an athlete taking banned drugs.
Who acts: Cheating, athlete, game · What happens: mean, break, get, copy, bend, take · To what, where: rules, secret, answers, test, banned drugs
This is a sentence of the lesson «Cheating, rules and games» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cheating, athlete, game), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cheating | cheating | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 means | nsubj |
| 2 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | breaking | break | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 2 means | xcomp |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 rules | det |
| 5 | rules | rule | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 breaking | obj |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 7 secret | case |
| 7 | secret | secret | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 breaking | obl |
| 8 | to | to | PART | _ | 9 get | mark |
| 9 | get | get | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 breaking | advcl |
| 10 | ahead | ahead | ADV | _ | 9 get | advmod |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 copying | punct |
| 12 | such | such | ADJ | Degree=Pos ExtPos=SCONJ | 14 copying | mark |
| 13 | as | as | ADP | _ | 12 such | fixed |
| 14 | copying | copy | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 7 secret | conj |
| 15 | answers | answer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 copying | obj |
| 16 | in | in | ADP | _ | 18 test | case |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 18 test | det |
| 18 | test | test | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 answers | nmod |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 bending | punct |
| 20 | bending | bend | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 14 copying | conj |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 rules | det |
| 22 | rules | rule | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 bending | obj |
| 23 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 game | case |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 game | det |
| 25 | game | game | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 rules | nmod |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 athlete | punct |
| 27 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 29 athlete | cc |
| 28 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 29 athlete | det |
| 29 | athlete | athlete | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 bending | conj |
| 30 | taking | take | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 29 athlete | acl |
| 31 | banned | ban | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 32 drugs | amod |
| 32 | drugs | drug | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 taking | obj |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 means | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mean | present | Cheating | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | break not said to happen | gerund | Cheating not said here | the rules | secret | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rule=Patient | |||
| 3 | get | to-infinitive | Cheating not said here | ahead property | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 4 | copy | gerund | Cheating not said here | answers | a test | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent answer=Theme in test=Destination | |||
| 5 | bend | gerund | Cheating not said here | the rules of a game | vn knead-26.5 «NP V NP.material»: agent=Agent rule=Material | ||||
| 6 | take | gerund | a athlete not said here | banned drugs | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent drug=Theme | ||||
| 7 | ban | participle | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Causer | ||||||
| 8 | rule | a game | nom rule «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:religion-ethics:044-cheating-rules-and-games.lesson:0.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/religion-ethics/44-cheating-rules-and-games/0/