Vows, oaths and promises in faith, sentence 8
In UK courts people may swear on a holy book or make a non-religious affirmation; lying in court is perjury, a crime; witnesses promise «the whole truth» because leaving out important parts can mislead too.
Who acts: people, lying, witnesses, leaving · What happens: swear, make, lie, be, promise, leave out · To what, where: UK courts, non-religious affirmation, court, perjury, whole truth, important parts
This is a sentence of the lesson «Vows, oaths and promises in faith» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, lying, witnesses, leaving), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 courts | case |
| 2 | UK | UK | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 courts | compound |
| 3 | courts | court | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 swear | obl |
| 4 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 swear | nsubj |
| 5 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 6 swear | aux |
| 6 | swear | swear | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 7 | on | on | ADP | _ | 10 book | case |
| 8 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 10 book | det |
| 9 | holy | holy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 book | amod |
| 10 | book | book | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 swear | obl |
| 11 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 12 make | cc |
| 12 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 6 swear | conj |
| 13 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 affirmation | det |
| 14 | non-religious | non-religious | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 affirmation | amod |
| 15 | affirmation | affirmation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 make | obj |
| 16 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 21 perjury | punct |
| 17 | lying | lie | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 21 perjury | csubj |
| 18 | in | in | ADP | _ | 19 court | case |
| 19 | court | court | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 lying | obl |
| 20 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 perjury | cop |
| 21 | perjury | perjury | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 swear | parataxis |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 crime | punct |
| 23 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 24 crime | det |
| 24 | crime | crime | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 perjury | conj |
| 25 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 27 promise | punct |
| 26 | witnesses | witness | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 promise | nsubj |
| 27 | promise | promise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 swear | conj |
| 28 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 31 truth | punct |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 truth | det |
| 30 | whole | whole | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 truth | amod |
| 31 | truth | truth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 promise | obj |
| 32 | » | » | PUNCT | _ | 31 truth | punct |
| 33 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 39 mislead | mark |
| 34 | leaving | leave | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 39 mislead | csubj |
| 35 | out | out | ADP | _ | 34 leaving | compound:prt |
| 36 | important | important | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 parts | amod |
| 37 | parts | part | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 leaving | obj |
| 38 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 39 mislead | aux |
| 39 | mislead | mislead | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 27 promise | advcl |
| 40 | too | too | ADV | _ | 39 mislead | advmod |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 swear | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | swear | may | people | UK courts | on a holy book | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | |||
| 2 | make | infinitive | people not said here | a non-religious affirmation | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset affirmation=Product | ||||
| 3 | lie | gerund | court | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in court=Location | |||||
| 4 | is a | present | lying | perjury and a crime | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | promise speech: promise | present | witnesses | the whole truth | vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent truth=Theme | ||||
| 6 | leave out | gerund | important parts | vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent part=Theme | |||||
| 7 | mislead | can | leaving | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:religion-ethics:088-vows-oaths-and-promises-in-faith.lesson:8.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/religion-ethics/88-vows-oaths-and-promises-in-faith/8/