Pluto, the Kuiper belt, the Oort cloud and comets, sentence 12

Comets are dirty snowballs of ice, dust and rock a few kilometres across, which grow a glowing head and tails, often millions of kilometres long, when they come near the Sun and its heat turns their ice into gas and frees dust.

Who acts: Comets, dirty snowballs, head, heat, comet · What happens: be, grow, glow, come, turn, free · To what, where: dirty snowballs, glowing head, Sun, ice, gas, dust

This is a sentence of the lesson «Pluto, the Kuiper belt, the Oort cloud and comets» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Comets, dirty snowballs, head, heat), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Comets	comet	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 snowballs	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 snowballs	cop
3	dirty	dirty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 snowballs	amod
4	snowballs	snowball	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 ice	case
6	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 snowballs	nmod
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 dust	punct
8	dust	dust	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 ice	conj
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 rock	cc
10	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 ice	conj
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 kilometres	det
12	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 kilometres	amod
13	kilometres	kilometre	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 snowballs	conj
14	across	across	ADV	_	13 kilometres	advmod
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 grow	punct
16	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	17 grow	nsubj
17	grow	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 snowballs	acl:relcl
18	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	20 head	det
19	glowing	glow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	20 head	amod
20	head	head	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 grow	obj
21	and	and	CCONJ	_	22 tails	cc
22	tails	tail	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 head	conj
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	25 millions	punct
24	often	often	ADV	_	25 millions	advmod
25	millions	million	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 tails	conj
26	of	of	ADP	_	27 kilometres	case
27	kilometres	kilometre	NOUN	Number=Plur	25 millions	nmod
28	long	long	ADV	Degree=Pos	17 grow	advmod
29	,	,	PUNCT	_	32 come	punct
30	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	32 come	advmod
31	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	32 come	nsubj
32	come	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	17 grow	advcl
33	near	near	ADP	_	35 Sun	case
34	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	35 Sun	det
35	Sun	Sun	PROPN	Number=Sing	32 come	obl
36	and	and	CCONJ	_	39 turns	cc
37	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	38 heat	nmod:poss
38	heat	heat	NOUN	Number=Sing	39 turns	nsubj
39	turns	turn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	32 come	conj
40	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	41 ice	nmod:poss
41	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	39 turns	obj
42	into	into	ADP	_	43 gas	case
43	gas	gas	NOUN	Number=Sing	39 turns	obl
44	and	and	CCONJ	_	45 frees	cc
45	frees	free	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	39 turns	conj
46	dust	dust	NOUN	_	45 frees	obj
47	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 snowballs	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Comets	dirty snowballs and a few kilometres		of ice and dust and rock	tree rules
2	grow	present	dirty snowballs and a few kilometres	a glowing head and tails and millions of kilometres		long property	vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location head=Theme
3	glow	gerund					vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	come	present	head		the Sun		vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near sun=Location
5	turn	present	comet's heat	head's ice	gas		vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent ice=Theme into gas=Trajectory
6	free	present	comet's heat not said here	dust			vn free-10.6.3-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Causer dust=Source
7	heat		comet				nom heat «phenomenon intransitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:space:015-pluto-the-kuiper-belt-the-oort-cloud-and-comets.lesson:12.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/15-pluto-the-kuiper-belt-the-oort-cloud-and-comets/12/