Black holes, sentence 15

Black holes cannot be seen directly, so astronomers find them by their effects: stars orbiting nothing visible, or hot gas glowing as it falls in.

Who acts: astronomers, stars, hot gas, hole, waves · What happens: not see, find, orbit, glow, fall in, effect · To what, where: Black holes, waves, nothing

This is a sentence of the lesson «Black holes» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (astronomers, stars, hot gas, hole), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Black	black	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 holes	amod
2	holes	hole	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 seen	nsubj:pass
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 seen	aux
4	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	6 seen	advmod
5	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	6 seen	aux:pass
6	seen	see	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	directly	directly	ADV	_	6 seen	advmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 find	punct
9	so	so	ADV	_	11 find	advmod
10	astronomers	astronomer	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 find	nsubj
11	find	find	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 seen	parataxis
12	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 find	obj
13	by	by	ADP	_	15 effects	case
14	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	15 effects	nmod:poss
15	effects	effect	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 find	obl
16	:	:	PUNCT	_	17 stars	punct
17	stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 effects	appos
18	orbiting	orbit	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	17 stars	acl
19	nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	18 orbiting	obj
20	visible	visible	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 nothing	amod
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	24 gas	punct
22	or	or	CCONJ	_	24 gas	cc
23	hot	hot	ADJ	Degree=Pos	24 gas	amod
24	gas	gas	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 stars	conj
25	glowing	glow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	24 gas	acl
26	as	as	SCONJ	_	28 falls	mark
27	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	28 falls	nsubj
28	falls	fall	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	25 glowing	advcl
29	in	in	ADV	_	28 falls	advmod
30	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 seen	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	not see	can · passive		Black holes	directly property	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus
2	find	present	astronomers	waves = wave	by waves's effects	vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Topic
3	orbit	gerund	stars or hot gas not said here	nothing		tree rules
4	glow	gerund	hot gas not said here			vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
5	fall in	present	hole			vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
6	effect		waves = wave			nom effect «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:space:025-black-holes.lesson:15.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/25-black-holes/15/