Black holes, sentence 4
We cannot see black holes directly, but we see what they do: stars racing round nothing visible, gas glowing as it falls in, and ripples in space when two of them crash.
Who acts: We, millimetres, stars, star, two · What happens: not see, see, do, race, glow, fall in · To what, where: black holes, nothing · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Black holes» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (We, millimetres, stars, star), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | We | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 4 see | nsubj |
| 2 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 4 see | aux |
| 3 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 4 see | advmod |
| 4 | see | see | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 5 | black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 holes | amod |
| 6 | holes | hole | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 see | obj |
| 7 | directly | directly | ADV | _ | 4 see | advmod |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 see | punct |
| 9 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 11 see | cc |
| 10 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 11 see | nsubj |
| 11 | see | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 see | conj |
| 12 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 14 do | obj |
| 13 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 do | nsubj |
| 14 | do | do | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 11 see | ccomp |
| 15 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 17 racing | punct |
| 16 | stars | star | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 racing | nsubj |
| 17 | racing | race | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 14 do | parataxis |
| 18 | round | round | ADV | _ | 17 racing | advmod |
| 19 | nothing | nothing | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Neg | 17 racing | obl |
| 20 | visible | visible | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 nothing | amod |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 gas | punct |
| 22 | gas | gas | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 nothing | conj |
| 23 | glowing | glow | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 17 racing | conj |
| 24 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 26 falls | mark |
| 25 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 falls | nsubj |
| 26 | falls | fall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 glowing | advcl |
| 27 | in | in | ADV | _ | 26 falls | advmod |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 ripples | punct |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 ripples | cc |
| 30 | ripples | ripple | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 see | obl |
| 31 | in | in | ADP | _ | 32 space | case |
| 32 | space | space | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 ripples | nmod |
| 33 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 37 crash | advmod |
| 34 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 37 crash | nsubj |
| 35 | of | of | ADP | _ | 36 them | case |
| 36 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 34 two | nmod |
| 37 | crash | crash | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 see | advcl |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 see | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not see | can | We | black holes | ripples in space obl; directly property | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer hole=Stimulus | |||
| 2 | see | present | we | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | |||||
| 3 | do | present | millimetres = millimetre | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality | |||||
| 4 | race | gerund | stars | nothing | round property | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||
| 5 | glow | gerund | stars not said here | vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 6 | fall in | present | star | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 7 | crash | infinitive | two of millimetres | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:space:025-black-holes.lesson:4.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/25-black-holes/4/