How we know: measuring the sky, sentence 15

Henrietta Leavitt found in 1912 that certain pulsing stars called Cepheids pulse more slowly the brighter they really are, letting astronomers measure great distances: if a Cepheid looks dimmer than its pulse says it really is, it must be farther away.

Who acts: Henrietta, certain pulsing stars, astronomers, Cepheid, pulse, star · What happens: find, pulse, call, be, let, measure · To what, where: 1912, Cepheids, great distances · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Henrietta, certain pulsing stars, astronomers, Cepheid), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Henrietta	Henrietta	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 found	nsubj
2	Leavitt	Leavitt	PROPN	Number=Sing	1 Henrietta	flat
3	found	find	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 1912	case
5	1912	1912	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	3 found	obl
6	that	that	SCONJ	_	12 pulse	mark
7	certain	certain	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 stars	amod
8	pulsing	pulse	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	9 stars	amod
9	stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 pulse	nsubj
10	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 stars	acl
11	Cepheids	cepheid	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 called	xcomp
12	pulse	pulse	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 found	ccomp
13	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	14 slowly	advmod
14	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	12 pulse	advmod
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 brighter	det
16	brighter	bright	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	12 pulse	advmod
17	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	19 are	nsubj
18	really	really	ADV	_	19 are	advmod
19	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	16 brighter	cop
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 letting	punct
21	letting	let	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	12 pulse	advcl
22	astronomers	astronomer	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 measure	nsubj
23	measure	measure	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	21 letting	xcomp
24	great	great	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 distances	amod
25	distances	distance	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 measure	obj
26	:	:	PUNCT	_	30 looks	punct
27	if	if	SCONJ	_	30 looks	mark
28	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	29 Cepheid	det
29	Cepheid	cepheid	PROPN	Number=Sing	30 looks	nsubj
30	looks	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 letting	parataxis
31	dimmer	dimmer	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	30 looks	xcomp
32	than	than	SCONJ	_	35 says	mark
33	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	34 pulse	nmod:poss
34	pulse	pulse	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 says	nsubj
35	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	30 looks	advcl
36	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	38 is	nsubj
37	really	really	ADV	_	38 is	advmod
38	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	35 says	ccomp
39	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 looks	punct
40	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	43 farther	nsubj
41	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	43 farther	aux
42	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	43 farther	cop
43	farther	far	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	30 looks	xcomp
44	away	away	ADV	_	43 farther	advmod
45	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 found	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	find	past	Henrietta		1912		vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	pulse	gerund					vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	call	participle	certain pulsing stars not said here	Cepheids			vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	pulse	present	certain pulsing stars			slowly property	vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
5	is	present				bright property	tree rules
6	let	gerund	certain pulsing stars not said here				tree rules
7	measure	infinitive	astronomers	great distances			vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme distance=Value
8	look a condition, not said to happen	present	a Cepheid			dimmer property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
9	say speech: assert	present	star's pulse				vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
10	is	must	star			away, far property	tree rules
11	pulse		star				nom pulse «event transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:space:028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson:15.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/15/