Why planes fly, sentence 12
Turbulence is bumpy air, like waves in the sky; planes are built to handle much worse, and the wings bend upwards a lot in flight on purpose.
Who acts: Turbulence, wings · What happens: be, build, handle, bend · To what, where: bumpy air, planes, lot, flight
This is a sentence of the lesson «Why planes fly» of the technology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Turbulence, wings), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Turbulence | turbulence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 air | nsubj |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 air | cop |
| 3 | bumpy | bumpy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 air | amod |
| 4 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 built | punct |
| 6 | like | like | ADP | _ | 7 waves | case |
| 7 | waves | wave | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 air | obl |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 sky | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 sky | det |
| 10 | sky | sky | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 waves | nmod |
| 11 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 12 planes | punct |
| 12 | planes | plane | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 built | nsubj:pass |
| 13 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 built | aux:pass |
| 14 | built | build | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 air | parataxis |
| 15 | to | to | PART | _ | 16 handle | mark |
| 16 | handle | handle | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 14 built | xcomp |
| 17 | much | much | ADV | _ | 18 worse | advmod |
| 18 | worse | bad | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 16 handle | advmod |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 bend | punct |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 bend | cc |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 wings | det |
| 22 | wings | wing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 bend | nsubj |
| 23 | bend | bend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 built | conj |
| 24 | upwards | upward | ADV | _ | 23 bend | advmod |
| 25 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 26 lot | det |
| 26 | lot | lot | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 bend | obl:unmarked |
| 27 | in | in | ADP | _ | 28 flight | case |
| 28 | flight | flight | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 bend | obl |
| 29 | on | on | ADP | _ | 30 purpose | case |
| 30 | purpose | purpose | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 bend | obl |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 air | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | Turbulence | bumpy air | like waves in the sky | tree rules | |||
| 2 | build | present · passive | planes | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | handle | to-infinitive | vn hold-15.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 4 | bend | present | the wings | a lot | flight | on purpose; upward property | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in flight=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:technology:022-why-planes-fly.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/22-why-planes-fly/12/